Practical work.

Progress:

Practical work.

Designation on the contour map of the largest power plants in Russia

Progress:

1. Using atlas maps, mark on the contour map of Russia:

The largest thermal power plants (Berezovskaya, Zainskaya, Iriklinskaya, Kirishiskaya, Konakovskaya, Kostroma, Nizhnevartovskaya, Novocherkasskaya, Permskaya, Reftinskaya, Ryazanskaya, Stavropolskaya, Surgutskaya GRES),

Nuclear (Balakovo, Beloyarsk, Bilibino, Dimitrovgrad, Kursk, Leningrad, Novovoronezh, Obninsk, Rostov, Smolensk, Tver nuclear power plants)

The largest hydroelectric power stations in Russia (Bratskaya, Volgogradskaya, Volzhskaya, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanskaya, Ust-Ilimskaya hydroelectric power stations) and write their names;

2. Shade in blue the economic regions whose electricity production structure is dominated by hydroelectric power plants, and in red by nuclear power plants and write their names.

3. What are the location factors for thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants?

Don't forget to sign the names of the power plants!

Practical work.

Designation on the contour map of the largest power plants in Russia

Progress:

1. Using atlas maps, mark on the contour map of Russia:

The largest thermal power plants (Berezovskaya, Zainskaya, Iriklinskaya, Kirishiskaya, Konakovskaya, Kostroma, Nizhnevartovskaya, Novocherkasskaya, Permskaya, Reftinskaya, Ryazanskaya, Stavropolskaya, Surgutskaya GRES),

Nuclear (Balakovo, Beloyarsk, Bilibino, Dimitrovgrad, Kursk, Leningrad, Novovoronezh, Obninsk, Rostov, Smolensk, Tver nuclear power plants)

The largest hydroelectric power stations in Russia (Bratskaya, Volgogradskaya, Volzhskaya, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanskaya, Ust-Ilimskaya hydroelectric power stations) and write their names;

2. Shade in blue the economic regions whose electricity production structure is dominated by hydroelectric power plants, and in red by nuclear power plants and write their names.

3. What are the location factors for thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants?

Don't forget to sign the names of the power plants!

Practical work.

Designation on the contour map of the largest power plants in Russia

Progress:

1. Using atlas maps, mark on the contour map of Russia:

The largest thermal power plants (Berezovskaya, Zainskaya, Iriklinskaya, Kirishiskaya, Konakovskaya, Kostroma, Nizhnevartovskaya, Novocherkasskaya, Permskaya, Reftinskaya, Ryazanskaya, Stavropolskaya, Surgutskaya GRES),

Nuclear (Balakovo, Beloyarsk, Bilibino, Dimitrovgrad, Kursk, Leningrad, Novovoronezh, Obninsk, Rostov, Smolensk, Tver nuclear power plants)

The largest hydroelectric power stations in Russia (Bratskaya, Volgogradskaya, Volzhskaya, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanskaya, Ust-Ilimskaya hydroelectric power stations) and write their names;

2. Shade in blue the economic regions whose electricity production structure is dominated by hydroelectric power plants, and in red by nuclear power plants and write their names.

3. What are the location factors for thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants?

Don't forget to sign the names of the power plants!

The industry called “electric power” is an integral part of the broader concept of “fuel and energy complex”, which, according to some scientists, can be called the “top floor” of the entire energy sector.

The role of the electric power industry is invaluable and it is one of the most important sectors of Russian industry. This is due to the fact that the supply of electricity is required for the normal functioning of the entire industrial complex and all types of human activities. The development of the electric power industry must outpace the development of other sectors of the economy in order to provide the required amount of energy.

Division of Russian power plants by type

The leading role in the Russian electric power industry is played by thermal power plants, whose share in the industry is 67%, which in numerical terms is equal to 358 power plants. At the same time, the thermal power industry is divided into stations according to the type of fuel consumed. The first place is occupied by natural gas, which accounts for 71%, followed by coal with 27.5%, in third place is liquid fuel (fuel oil) and alternative fuels, the volume of which does not exceed half a percent of the total mass.

Large thermal power plants in Russia, as a rule, are located in places where fuel is concentrated, which reduces delivery costs. Another feature of thermal power plants is their focus on the consumer while simultaneously using high-calorie fuel. As an example, we can cite stations that consume fuel oil as fuel. As a rule, they are located in large oil refining centers.

Along with the usual thermal power plants, state district power plants operate on the territory of Russia, which stands for state-owned regional electric power station. It is noteworthy that such a name has been preserved since the times of the USSR. The word “district” in the name means that the station is focused on covering the energy costs of a certain territory.

The largest thermal power plants in Russia: list

The total total capacity of energy generated by thermal power plants in Russia is more than 140 million kWh, while the map power plants of the Russian Federation clearly makes it possible to trace the presence of a particular type of fuel.

The largest power plants in Russia by federal districts:

1. Central:
   • Kostroma State District Power Plant, which runs on fuel oil;
   • Ryazan station, the main fuel for which is coal;
   • Konakovskaya, which can run on gas and fuel oil;
2. Ural:
   • Surgutskaya 1 and Surgutskaya 2. Stations, which are one of the largest power plants in the Russian Federation. They both run on natural gas;
   • Reftinskaya, operating on coal and being one of largest power plants in the Urals;
   • Troitskaya, also coal-fired;
   • Iriklinskaya, the main source of fuel for which is fuel oil;
3. Privolzhsky:
   • Zainskaya State District Power Plant, operating on fuel oil;
4. Siberian Federal District:
   • Nazarovo State District Power Plant, which consumes fuel oil;
5. Southern:
   • Stavropolskaya, which can also operate on combined fuel in the form of gas and fuel oil;
6. Northwestern:
   • Kirishskaya with fuel oil.

Also among the large power plants in the Urals is the Berezovskaya State District Power Plant, which uses coal obtained from the Kansk-Achinsk coal basin as its main fuel.

Hydroelectric power stations

It would not be complete without mentioning hydroelectric power plants, which occupy a well-deserved second place in the electrical power industry of the Russian Federation. The main advantage of using just such stations is their use of renewable resources as an energy source; in addition, such stations are distinguished by ease of operation. The richest district in Russia in terms of the number of hydroelectric power stations is Siberia, due to the presence of a large number of wild rivers. Using water as a source of energy allows, while reducing the level of capital investment, to obtain electricity that is 5 times cheaper than that generated by power plants in the European territory.

Which generate energy using water are located on the territory of the Angara-Yenisei cascade:

1. Yenisei: Sayano-Shushenskaya and Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power stations;
2. Angara: Irkutsk, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk.

At the same time, hydroelectric power plants cannot be called completely environmentally friendly, since the blocking of rivers leads to a significant change in the terrain, which affects aquatic ecosystems.

Nuclear power plants

The third in the list of power plants in Russia are nuclear power plants, which use the power of atomic energy as fuel, released during an appropriate reaction. Nuclear power plants have many advantages, including:

• high energy content in nuclear fuel;
• complete absence of emissions into the atmospheric air;
• energy production does not require oxygen.

At the same time, nuclear power plants are classified as high-risk facilities, since during the operation of this type of station there is a possibility of a man-made disaster occurring, which can cause significant contamination of the territory. Also, the disadvantages of using nuclear power plants include problems with disposal of waste from the operation of the station. The largest part of nuclear power plants in Russia is concentrated in the Central Federal District (Kursk, Smolensk, Kalinin, Novovoronezh stations). Number of nuclear power plants in the Urals limited to one Beloyarsk station. There are also several nuclear power plants in the Northwestern and Volga Federal Districts.

Let's sum it up

To summarize, it can be noted that number of power plants in Russia There are 558 operating facilities, which sufficiently covers the electricity needs of industry and the population.


At the same time, hydroelectric power plants are the cheapest to operate, and the cheapest energy is produced by nuclear power plants, which at the same time remain the most dangerous objects. Factors influencing the location of stations are the availability of raw materials and consumer needs. For example, power plants of the Urals occupy a small part of the total number, since the population density in this region is much lower than in the central regions, which are considered the “richest” in terms of the number of thermal power plants, nuclear power plants and state district power plants.

Symbols on thermal diagrams Thermal power plants and nuclear power plants are regulated by state and industry standards.

Appendix 1 shows the most common symbols of pipelines, fittings, main and auxiliary equipment of thermal power plants and nuclear power plants on thermal diagrams. Other designations can be found in educational, methodological and reference literature, the list of which is located at the end of this textbook.

ANNEX 1

Symbols on thermal diagrams

	Fresh steam (line thickness 0.8-1.5 mm)
	Reheat steam (0.8-1.5 mm)
	Pairs of adjustable extractions and back pressure (0.8-1.5 mm)
	Pairs of unregulated selections (0.8-1.5 mm)
	Steam-air mixture (0.2-1.0 mm)
	Nutrient water (0.2-1.0 mm)
	Condensation (0.2-1.0 mm)
	Process water, circulating (0.2-1.0 mm)
	Network and make-up water (0.2-1.0 mm)
	Pipe size (outer diameter and wall thickness, mm)
	Pipe material
	Steam parameters (pressure, kgf/cm 2, temperature, °C)
1	Steam selection number

Pipelines

	Crossing pipelines (without connection)
	Pipeline connection

Armature

	Shut-off valve
	Control valve
	Check valve (movement of the working fluid possibly from white triangle to black)
	safety valve
	Throttle valve
	Pressure reducing valve (vertex of triangle directed towards high pressure)
	Gate valve
	AC motorized valve
	Reduction-cooling unit

Main and auxiliary equipment

Single-flow turbine cylinder or gas turbine (hereinafter m = 10, 20, 30 or 40 mm depending on the size of the thermal circuit)

	Turbo drive
	Steam or hot water boiler
	Primary or intermediate superheater (gas)
	Economizer
	Compressor
	Steam jet or water jet ejector
	Capacitor

	Mixing heat exchanger
	Surface heat exchanger (heater)
	Surface heater with built-in heating surfaces
	Deaerator
	Thermal consumer
	Turbopump
	Turbine evaporator

APPENDIX 2

List of abbreviations

AZ – emergency protection; core (nuclear reactor)

ASPT, AST – nuclear power plant for industrial heat supply, nuclear

heating station

Automatic control system for thermal processes

ATPP – nuclear combined heat and power plant

NPP – nuclear power plant

BN – booster pump

BOU – block desalting plant

BROU, BRU – high-speed reduction-cooling,

reduction unit

BS – drum separator

Control room - block control panel

VVER – pressurized water power reactor

BC – upper stage (mains heater)

VSP – upper network heater

HAVR – hydrazine-ammonia water regime

PSPP – pumped storage power plant

GeoTES – geothermal thermal power plant

GeES – solar power plant (solar power plant)

GZZ – main shut-off valve

GOST - state standard

GOELRO - state plan for the electrification of Russia (1920)

GP – master plan (power plants)

GRP – gas distribution point

GRES – state district power plant

GT, GTD, GTU, GTU-CHP, GTE – gas turbine, gas turbine engine,

gas turbine unit, thermal power plant with gas turbine unit,

gas turbine power plant

gut – gram of standard fuel

MCC – main circulation circuit

MCP – main circulation pump

Main control room - main control panel

HPP – hydroelectric power station

D - deaerator

DV – blower fan

HDD – high pressure deaerator

DI – evaporator deaerator

DN – drainage pump

DND – low pressure deaerator

DPTS – heating network make-up deaerator

DS – smoke exhauster

DT - chimney

ZRU - closed switchgear

Charger – ash collector

ZShO, ZShU – ash and slag dump, ash and slag removal

I - evaporator

K – capacitor

KZ - short circuit

CI – evaporator condenser

ICUM – installed capacity utilization factor

CMPC – multiple forced circulation circuit

KN – condensate pump

KNS – condensate pump for network heaters

KO – condensate purification; steam trap; volume compensator

Efficiency - efficiency factor

KPT – condensate-feed tract

CHP – combined production of thermal and electrical energy

CT – condensate path

KTC – boiler and turbine shop (power plants)

KU – boiler plant; waste heat boiler

CC – boiler shop (power plants)

IES – condensing power plant

PTL - power transmission line

IAEA – International Atomic Energy Agency

MB – material balance

MGDU – magnetohydrodynamic unit

MIREK, WIREC – World Energy Conference, World

energy council

MPA – maximum design basis accident (at nuclear power plants)

NRES – non-traditional and renewable energy sources

NKVR – neutral-oxygen water regime

NOK – return condensate pump

NS – lower stage (mains heater)

NSP – bottom network heater

OV – cooling water; purified water; vapor cooler (deaerator)

UWC - integrated auxiliary building

OD – drain cooler

OK – return condensate; check valve

OP – purge cooler

Outdoor switchgear - open switchgear

OST – industry standard

OU – cooling unit; seal cooler

OE - the basis of the ejector

PV – feed water

HPH – high pressure heater

PVK – peak water boiler

PVT – steam-water path

PG - steam generator

CCGT – combined cycle gas plant; steam generating plant

MPC – maximum permissible concentration

PE – live steam superheater

PC – safety valve; peak boiler

PKVD, PKND – high, low pressure steam boiler

PN – feed pump

LPH - low pressure heater

Software - desuperheater

PP – intermediate superheater

PPR – steam converter; scheduled preventative maintenance

PT - steam turbine; steam path; fuel preparation

PTS – thermal circuit diagram

STU – steam turbine unit

PU – seal heater

PH – steam characteristics

PE – ejector heater; starting ejector

PEN – electric nutrient pump

P – expander; reactor (nuclear)

RW – radioactive waste

RAO "UES of Russia" - Russian open joint-stock company

energy and electrification "United

Electric power system of Russia"

RBMK – high-power channel reactor (boiling)

RBN - fast neutron reactor

RVP – regenerative air heater

ROU – reduction-cooling unit

RP – regenerative heater

RTN – thermal neutron reactor

RTS – expanded (full) thermal circuit

RU – reduction unit; reactor plant

RC – reactor shop (nuclear power plant)

C - separator

ECCS - emergency cooling system of the zone (nuclear reactor)

SVO, SGO – special water treatment, special gas treatment (at nuclear power plants)

SPZ – sanitary protection zone

SK – stop valve

SKD, SKP – supercritical pressure, supercritical parameters

SM - mixer

SN – network pump

SP – network heater

SPP – separator-industrial superheater

STV – technical water supply system

CPS – control and protection system (nuclear reactor)

СХТМ – chemical-technological monitoring system

SES – solar power plant

T – turbine

TB – heat balance; safety precautions

TV – technical water

HPT - high pressure turbine

FA, fuel rod - fuel assembly, fuel element

TG - turbogenerator

TGVT – fuel-gas-air duct

TGU – turbogenerator unit

ТК – turbine condenser heating bundle; technological

channel (nuclear reactor); fuel cassette (for nuclear power plants)

TN – coolant

LPT – low pressure turbine

TO - heat exchanger

TP – heat consumer; turbo drive (pump)

TPN – feed pump with turbo drive (turbo feed pump)

TTC – fuel and transport shop (power plants)

t/u – turbine unit

TU – turbine unit; technical specifications

ТХ – fuel economy; thermal performance

TC – turbine shop (power plants)

FEC – fuel and energy complex

Feasibility study – feasibility study (of the project)

FER – fuel and energy resources

TPP – thermal power station

CHP – combined heat and power plant

CHPP-ZIGM is a factory-made combined heat and power plant at

gas-oil fuel

CHPP-ZITT - a factory-made combined heat and power plant based on solid

FOREM – federal wholesale energy and capacity market (Russia)

CWO – chemical water treatment

HOV – chemically purified water

XX – idle speed (turbines)

CC – chemical shop (power plants)

CV – circulating water

HPC, LPC, CSD - high, low, medium pressure cylinder (turbine)

CN – circulation pump

TsTAI – thermal automation and measurement shop (power plant)

CCR – centralized repair shop (power plant)

ChVD, ChND, ChSD - part of high, low, medium pressure (turbine)

EG – electric generator

EMF – electromotive force

ES – power plant, Energy Strategy (Russia)

EU – seal ejector

EC – energy characteristic

EC – electrical shop (power plants)

Nuclear fuel, nuclear fuel cycle – nuclear fuel, nuclear fuel cycle

Russia is the fourth largest electricity producer in the world after the United States, China and Japan. And in fourth place is Russia in terms of generating capacity. At the same time, Russian industry and the country's population are experiencing a shortage of electricity. Thus, restrictions in the supply of electricity were recorded in the winter of 2006 in almost all energy systems of the country.

The electricity shortage is characterized by the following factors: a lack of generating capacity during peak load periods and refusals to connect new consumers.

2. On the contour map, indicate: 1) areas of location of coal-fired thermal power plants; 2) areas of location of thermal power plants operating on gas and fuel oil; 3) areas where the largest hydroelectric power stations are located; 4) areas where nuclear power plants are located; 5) power plants mentioned in the paragraph. Draw a conclusion about the location of different types of power plants.

3. Compare thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants according to the following parameters: 1) construction cost; 2) construction time; 3) cost of generated electricity; 4) impact on the environment.

Thermal power plants are 1) relatively small 2) relatively small 3) cheap electricity (but more expensive than nuclear power plants and hydroelectric power plants due to the fuel consumed) 4) use non-renewable energy resources and produce a lot of solid and gaseous waste.

Hydroelectric power plants 1) high cost 2) long terms (about 15-20 years) 3) the cheapest electricity (if you do not take into account expensive construction) 4) use renewable resources. Flooding of the area. Impact on the organic world of rivers.

Nuclear power plants 1) high cost 2) long lead times 3) For most countries, including Russia, electricity production at nuclear power plants is no more expensive than at pulverized coal and, especially, gas-oil thermal power plants. The advantage of nuclear power plants in the cost of electricity produced is especially noticeable during the so-called energy crises that began in the early 70s. 4) unsafe, but cleaner than the first two options.

4. On the contour map, indicate power plants in Russia that use traditional energy sources. Prepare a report (5-7 sentences) about one of these power plants.

Note: Kislogubskaya and Pauzhetskaya do not use traditional energy sources. There is no need to mark them on the map!

Beloyarsk NPP named after. I. V. Kurchatova is the first-born of the large nuclear power industry of the USSR. Beloyarsk NPP is the only nuclear power plant in Russia with power units of different types.

The volume of electricity generated by the Beloyarsk NPP is about 10% of the total volume of electricity of the Sverdlovsk energy system.

The station was built in two stages: the first stage - power units No. 1 and No. 2 with the AMB reactor, the second stage - power unit No. 3 with the BN-600 reactor. After 17 and 22 years of operation, power units No. 1 and No. 2 were shut down in 1981 and 1989, respectively; they are now in long-term mothball mode with fuel unloaded from the reactor and correspond, according to the terminology of international standards, to the 1st stage of decommissioning of a nuclear power plant .

Currently, the Beloyarsk NPP operates two power units - BN-600 and BN-800. These are the world's largest power units with fast neutron reactors. In terms of reliability and safety, the fast reactor is one of the best nuclear reactors in the world. The possibility of further expansion of the Beloyarsk NPP with power unit No. 5 with a fast reactor with a capacity of 1200 MW is being considered - the main commercial power unit for serial construction. According to the results of the annual competition, Beloyarsk NPP in 1994, 1995, 1997 and 2001. was awarded the title “Best NPP in Russia”. Distance to the satellite town (Zarechny) – 3 km; to the regional center (Ekaterinburg) – 45 km.

5. Formulate a definition of a power system. Why are energy systems created?

A power system is a group of power plants of different types, connected by power lines and controlled from one center. The creation of energy systems increases the reliability of supplying electricity to consumers and makes it possible to transfer it from region to region.