Presentation on the topic "Jean-Baptiste Lamarck". Jean-Baptiste Lamarck The last years of his life

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Theory Jean Baptiste Lamarck Biology teacher: Luzan N.V. KSU Andreevskaya Secondary School

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Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet Chevalier de Lamarck - French naturalist, born on August 14, 1744 in Basantin (Picardy). He was the eleventh child in a poor noble family. The family was poor and Lamarck's father placed Jean Baptiste in a Jesuit school in Amiens, where education was free. After the death of his father, at the age of seventeen, he quits school and volunteers to fight in the Seven Years' War. Biography:

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Biography: At the age of 24, Lamarck left military service and came to Paris to study medicine. During his studies, he became interested in natural sciences, especially botany. Then he begins to work in the botanical garden. In 1789 – 1794 A great revolution broke out in France, which Lamarck greeted with approval.

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Biography: The Royal Botanical Garden, where Lamarck worked, was converted into a Natural History Museum. Lamarck was offered to leave his studies in botany and head the department of “natural history of insects and worms.” Now it would be called the Department of Invertebrate Zoology.

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Biography: Lamarck became as expert in the field of zoology as he was in the field of botany. Many works have been written on topics in zoology. Lamarck died in poverty and obscurity, having lived to the age of 85, on December 18, 1829. Until his last hour, his daughter Cornelia remained with him, writing under the dictation of her blind father.

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Works: In 1778, the three-volume work “French Flora” was published - a guide to the plants of France. This work made Lamarck's name famous. He compiles a “Botanical Dictionary” and “Roses in Illustrations”. From 1799 to 1810 he published 11 volumes of Meteorological Yearbooks. His interests include chemistry, physics, and earth science. He writes the book “Hydrogeology”, where he criticizes the then prevailing theory of disasters, putting forward the theory of a gradual change in the appearance of the Earth under the influence of external influences.

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Proceedings: At the same time, he conscientiously studies animals in order to restore order in their groups, which since the time of Carl Linnaeus have been combined into two classes - “worms” and “insects” and where chaos simply reigned. A new period begins in the life of J.B. Lamarck - the period of animal research. The work was called “Philosophy of Zoology”.

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Evolutionary doctrine of J.B. Lamarck Lamarck believed that no eternal and unchanging species actually exist. All living forms smoothly transform into each other in a chain of generations. In 1809 in the form of a special treatise called “Philosophy of Zoology”. In this book, Lamarck lays out the foundations of the first evolutionary theory.

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The evolutionary teaching of J. B. Lamarck The living world, according to Lamarck, is characterized by a desire for self-improvement and complexity. Evolution takes place in the living world - the simplest forms give rise to more complex ones, which give rise to even more complex ones, and so on, right up to humans. The appearance of living nature changes gradually, over centuries and millennia, so people do not notice these slow changes. According to Lamarck, beneficial changes in organs occur as a result of their exercise or lack of exercise.

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

Author of the first evolutionary doctrine.
Introduced the term "biology".
At the age of 38 he was elected a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences
He presented his ideas in work "Philosophy of Zoology" (1809), where he outlined his theory of the evolution of the living world;

"French Flora" - 1778

"Natural History of the Invertebrates" - 1815-1822.

organisms are changeable;
species and other taxa are conditional and are gradually transformed into new species;
historical change in organs, gradual improvement of their organization based on the internal desire of organisms for progress (the principle of gradation), laid down by the Creator.

Laws of Lamarckism:

1. Constant use of the organ leads to its enhanced development.

2. The results of increased use or disuse of organs are inherited.

Internal innate desire of organisms for perfection; exercise, non-exercise
The direct influence of environmental conditions causing the appearance of useful traits in organisms

Gradations are successive stages of increasing complexity in the organization of living organisms in the process of evolution.
The “ladder of beings” became a reflection of the process of development from lower to higher forms.

“The Ladder of Creatures” in the theory of gradation by J. B. Lamarck

14. Mammal.

12. Reptiles

10. Shellfish

9. Barnacles

8. Rings

7. Crustaceans

6. Arachnids

5. Insects

3. Radiant

1. Ciliates

Adaptability of organisms
Speciation

Merits of Zh.B. Lamarck

He opposed metaphysical views and believed that the formation of new species occurs, but very slowly and therefore imperceptibly.
He created the first doctrine of evolution, in which he formulated provisions on the driving forces and directions of evolution.
He was the first to use the terms “kinship” and “family ties” to denote unity of origin.
Correctly represented the general picture of the historical development of the organic world - the movement from simple to complex (gradation theory).
He created a classification of animals, dividing all animals into vertebrates and invertebrates.

Mistakes by J.B. Lamarck

1. Incorrectly identified the driving forces of evolution.

2. He incorrectly believed that fitness arises indirectly - the external environment changes, and the body develops new needs and changes in behavior.

3. He incorrectly believed that changes in the environment bring only beneficial changes in organisms. Organisms have an innate ability to respond to environmental changes only with positive changes.

4. Denied the fact of the real existence of species in nature.

Living nature was represented as rows of constantly changing individuals, which a person unites into a species only in the imagination.

Monument to Lamarck

Monument to Lamarck in the Botanical Garden in Paris. The inscription reads: “A. Lamarck / Fondateur de la doctrine de l"évolution" (Lamarck, founder of the doctrine of evolution)

Views of Carl Linnaeus in comparison with those of Jean Lamarck

Signs

Carl Linnaeus

1. Existence of the species

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

The species is permanent, created by the “creator”

Defined the species.

2. Availability of devices

3. Changeability of organisms

All devices are the wisdom of the “creator”.

The species does not exist.

The species changes under the influence of the external environment.

Adaptations arise throughout life and are inherited.

All changes are created by the “creator”.

Changes in organisms are carried out under the influence of external factors.

The species itself strives

5. The emergence of species

6. Contributions to kingdom taxonomy

As a result of the internal desire for perfection of the organism itself

There are as many species as the “creator” created.

Arranged organisms from simple to complex, used the principle of “gradation” of 6 steps

Identified 24 classes of plants (generat)

6 classes of animals (blood, respiration

7. Systems

Identified 14 classes of animals (blood, nervous)

Artificial, did not look for related relationships between species

8. Worldview

Natural, reflects the path of historical development from simple to complex

Creationist

“Evolution and its evidence” - Evolution is gradual and long-term. Data from comparative paleontology. Organs that have the same origin and similar structure are called homologous. Topic: Synthetic theory of evolution. Alfred Russell Wallace (1823-1913). Pimenov A.V. The main provisions of the evolutionary teachings of Charles Darwin.

“Biochemical evolution” - Second stage. Third stage. Formation of organic substances from inorganic ones. More stable coacervates with such RNAs produced probionts. Symbiotic origin of eukaryotic cells. First stage. Evolution at the level of RNA molecules in coacervates took millions of years. Abiogenesis hypotheses: the biochemical evolution hypothesis.

“Development of evolutionary doctrine” - Developed a taxonomy of living organisms. The basic logic of evolutionary teaching. As a result: Ascidia: adult organism and larva. Variability. Author of the first evolutionary concept. Story. Where do new forms of living systems come from? Evidence of evolution: Morphological (comparative anatomical). Evolution theory.

“The Evolution of Life” - Kant-Laplace Theory. What organisms are called prokaryotes? What event marked the beginning of biological evolution? Assignment: Using the text on page 77, answer the question. Theory of Academician A.I. Oparina. Anaerobic type of metabolism. Topic: The emergence and development of life on Earth. Compounds in the waters of the primary ocean.

“Biological evolution” - What is adaptation? What is biological progress? Who is more progressive, a person or a cockroach? What does progressive development mean? What is aromorphosis? Identification of the main aromorphoses of mammals. Idioadaptation. What is biological regression? Increases the intensity of life activity. General degeneration - evolutionary changes that lead to simplification of organization.

“Lamarck’s Theory” - He proposed dividing all museum objects into groups: minerals, plants, animals. Lamarck abandons his theological career and enlists in the army. Lamarck's book "Systematic biology of invertebrates". Lamarck was buried in a common grave. One of the bas-reliefs of the monument depicts Lamarck in old age, having lost his sight.

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Childhood and youth

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At the age of twenty-four, Lamarck left military service and came to Paris to study medicine. During his studies, he became interested in natural sciences, especially botany.

The young scientist had plenty of talent and effort, and in 1778 he published a three-volume work, “French Flora.” In its third edition, Lamarck began to introduce a two-part, or analytical, system of plant classification. This system is a key, or determinant, the principle of which is to compare characteristic similar features with each other and connect a number of opposing characteristics, thus leading to the name of plants. These dichotomous keys, which are still widely used in our time, have provided important services, because they have inspired many to engage in botany.

The book brought him fame, he became one of the largest French botanists.

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Scientific activity

Five years later, Lamarck was elected a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences.

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In 1789-1794, the Great French Revolution broke out in France, which Lamarck greeted with approval. It radically changed the fate of most French people. Old institutions were closed or transformed.

At Lamarck's suggestion, in 1793 the Royal Botanical Garden, where Lamarck worked, was reorganized into the Museum of Natural History, where he became professor in the department of zoology of insects, worms and microscopic animals. Lamarck headed this department for 24 years.

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Lamarck enthusiastically took up the study of invertebrate animals (it was he who proposed calling them “invertebrates” in 1796). From 1815 to 1822, Lamarck’s major seven-volume work “Natural History of Invertebrates” was published. In it he described all the genera and species of invertebrates known at that time. Linnaeus divided them into only two classes (worms and insects), while Lamarck identified 10 classes among them.

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Lamarck coined the term that has become generally accepted - “biology” (1802). He did this simultaneously with the German scientist G. R. Treviranus and independently of him. Lamarck's most important work was the book Philosophy of Zoology, published in 1809. In it he outlined his theory of the evolution of the living world.

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In this house, J. Lamarck, the predecessor of Charles Darwin in the doctrine of evolution, created such fundamental works as “Philosophy of Zoology” and “Natural History of Invertebrates”.

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Circumstances influence the form and organization of animals... If this expression is taken literally, I will no doubt be accused of error, for, whatever the circumstances, they do not of themselves produce any changes in the form and organization of animals. But a significant change in circumstances leads to significant changes in needs, and changes in these latter necessarily entail changes in actions. And so, if new needs become constant or very long-lasting, animals acquire habits that turn out to be as long-lasting as the needs that determined them...

If circumstances lead to the fact that the condition of individuals becomes normal and permanent for them, then the internal organization of such individuals eventually changes. The offspring resulting from the crossing of such individuals retains the acquired changes and, as a result, a breed is formed that is very different from the one whose individuals were all the time in conditions favorable to their development.

J.-B. Lamarck

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As an example of the action of circumstances through habit, Lamarck cited the giraffe:

This tallest of mammals is known to live in the interior of Africa and is found in places where the soil is almost always dry and devoid of vegetation. This causes the giraffe to eat tree leaves and make constant efforts to reach it. As a result of this habit, which has existed for a long time among all individuals of this breed, the giraffe’s front legs have become longer than its hind legs, and its neck has lengthened so much that this animal, without even rising on its hind legs, raising only its head, reaches six meters in height.

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Biography

Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck, was born on August 1, 1744 in the town of Bazantin, into a family of poor nobles. His parents wanted to make him a priest, but at the age of 16 Lamarck left the Jesuit college and volunteered for the army. In battles, he showed extraordinary courage and rose to the rank of officer. At the age of twenty-four, Lamarck left military service and came to Paris to study medicine. During his studies, he became interested in natural sciences, especially botany.

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Lamarck's scientific activities in the field of biology

It was not easy for an almost fifty-year-old man to change his specialty, but the scientist’s perseverance helped him overcome all difficulties. Lamarck became as expert in the field of zoology as he was in the field of botany.

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Lamarck introduced another term that has become generally accepted - “biology”. He did this simultaneously with the German scientist G. R. Treviranus and independently of him.

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But Lamarck’s most important work was the book “Philosophy of Zoology,” published in 1809. In it, he outlined his theory of the evolution of the living world. Lamarck divided all animals into six stages, levels according to the complexity of their organization. The furthest from humans are ciliates, and the closest to humans are mammals. At the same time, all living things have an inherent desire to develop from simple to complex, to move up the “steps”.

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Lamarck's laws

First of all, this is “the law of exercising and not exercising organs.” The most famous of the examples given by Lamarck is the example of giraffes. Giraffes have to constantly stretch their necks to reach the leaves growing above their heads. Therefore, their necks become longer and elongated.

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An anteater, in order to catch ants in the depths of an anthill, has to constantly stretch out its tongue, and it becomes long and thin. On the other hand, the eyes of a mole underground only bother them, and they gradually disappear. If an organ is frequently exercised, it develops. If the organ is not exercised, it gradually dies.

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Another “law” of Lamarck is the “law of inheritance of acquired characteristics.” Useful traits acquired by an animal, according to Lamarck, are passed on to their offspring. Giraffes passed on their elongated necks to their descendants, anteaters inherited a long tongue, etc.

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last years of life

By 1820, Lamarck was completely blind and dictated his works to his daughters. He lived and died in poverty. Lamarck died in poverty and obscurity, having lived to the age of 85, on December 18, 1829. Until his last hour, his daughter Cornelia remained with him, writing from the dictation of her blind father.

In 1909, on the centenary of the publication of the Philosophy of Zoology, a monument to Lamarck was inaugurated in Paris. One of the bas-reliefs of the monument depicts Lamarck in old age, having lost his sight. He sits in a chair, and his daughter, standing next to him, says to him: “Posterity will admire you, father, they will avenge you.”

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Lamarck's contributions to other sciences

In addition to botanical and zoological works, Lamarck published a number of works on hydrology, geology and meteorology. In “Hydrogeology” (published in 1802), Lamarck put forward the principle of historicism and actualism in the interpretation of geological phenomena.

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Thank you for your attention!

The work was completed by a student of class 9 “A” Demina Katerina

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