Below is a list of the Commanders-in-Chief of the USSR and Russian Air Forces in the post-war period. List of chiefs of the air fleet of the Red Army of the USSR from 1918 to 1946. To complete the picture, you can find out where it all began: lists and during the Civil War. To complete the picture, I also recommend material about.

Air Chief Marshal

Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force (04/1946 - 07/1949 and 01/1957 - 03/1969).

Soviet military leader, air chief marshal (1959), Hero of the Soviet Union (08/19/1944).

In military service since 1919. Graduated from infantry command courses (1920), the Higher Tactical Rifle School of the Red Army Command Staff (Vystrel courses, 1923), the Red Army Air Force Academy named after. prof. N.E. Zhukovsky (1932), Kachin Military Pilot School (extern, 1935).

Participant of the Civil War in Russia: Red Army soldier, commander of a marching company of a reserve regiment. After the war, he commanded a training company of the 12th Red Banner Infantry Course of the Volga Military District (1923-1928), a rifle battalion (1928-1930). Since 1930, as part of the Air Force of the Red Army: head of the operational department of the headquarters of the aviation brigade (from 06.1932), assistant head of the tactical department of the Research Institute of the Red Army Air Force (from 06.1933), squadron commander of the highest flight tactical courses of the Red Army (from 02.1934) , assistant chief for flight training (since 1938), chief of the higher aviation advanced training courses for flight personnel of the Red Army (since 05.1941).

During the Great Patriotic War: commander of the Air Force of the Southern Front (09-1941-05.1942), 4th Air Army (05-09.1942; 05.1943-1945), Air Force of the Transcaucasian Front (09.1942-04.1943). He was distinguished by his deep knowledge in the field of operational art, constant search for new things, and a creative approach to solving assigned problems. This allowed him to skillfully organize the interaction of air force formations with ground forces and provide effective assistance to combined arms and tank armies.

In the post-war period: Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force (1946-1949), at the same time Deputy Minister of the Armed Forces of the USSR. He made a great contribution to the re-equipment of military aviation with jet aircraft. Since 1950, he again commanded the air army, and from September 1951 he headed the air defense forces of the border line created within the Air Force. After the merger of these troops with the air defense forces in June 1953, the commander of the country's air defense forces was transferred to the post of commander of the Baku air defense region in May 1954. Since April 1956, Konstantin Andreevich Vershinin has been Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force; in January 1957, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force - Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR.

Since March 1969, in the group of inspectors general of the USSR Ministry of Defense.

Awards: 6 Orders of Lenin, Gold Star medal; Order of the October Revolution, 3 Orders of the Red Banner, 3 Orders of Suvorov 1st class, Order of Suvorov 2nd class, Order of the Patriotic War 1st class; USSR medals; foreign orders and medals.

Air Chief Marshal ZHIGAREV Pavel Fedorovich

, Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force (09-1949 - 01.1957).

Soviet military leader, air chief marshal (1955).

In military service since 1919. Graduated from the 4th Tver Cavalry School (1922), the Leningrad Military School of Observer Pilots (1927), and the Red Army Air Force Academy named after. prof. N.E. Zhukovsky (1932), postgraduate studies under her (1933), Kachin Military Aviation School (1934).

During the Civil War in Russia he served in the reserve cavalry regiment in Tver (1919-1920). After the war, he successively held positions: cavalry platoon commander, observer pilot, instructor and teacher at the pilot school, chief of staff of the Kachin Military Aviation School (1933-1934). In 1934-1936. commanded aviation units, from a separate squadron to an air brigade.

In 1937-1938 was in . Since September 1938, head of the combat training department of the Red Army Air Force, since January 1939, commander of the Air Force of the 2nd Separate Far Eastern Red Banner Army, since December 1940, first deputy, since April 1941, head of the Main Directorate of the Red Army Air Force.

During the Great Patriotic War: Commander of the Air Force of the Red Army (from 06/29/1941). He initiated the creation of mobile aviation reserves of the Civil Code at the beginning of the war, took a direct part in planning and directing the combat operations of Soviet aviation in the Battle of Moscow (12.1941-04.1942). Since April 1942, commander of the Air Force of the Far Eastern Front.

During the Soviet-Japanese War (1945), commander of the 10th Air Army of the 2nd Far Eastern Front. First Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force (04.1946-1948), Commander of Long-Range Aviation - Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force (1948-08.1949).

From September 1949 to January 1957, Pavel Fedorovich Zhigarev was Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force, and from April 1953 he was also Deputy (from March 1955 - First Deputy) Minister of Defense of the USSR. Head of the Main Directorate of the Civil Air Fleet. (01.1957-11.1959), head of the Military Command Academy of Air Defense (11.1959-1963).

Awards: 2 Orders of Lenin, 3 Orders of the Red Banner, Order of Kutuzov 1st class, Red Star; USSR medals.

Air Chief Marshal VERSHININ Konstantin Andreevich

Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force (01.1957 - 03.1969).

Air Chief Marshal KUTAHOV Pavel Stepanovich

Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force (03.1969 - 12.1984).

Soviet military leader, Chief Marshal of Aviation (1972), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (05/1/1943, 08/15/1984), Honored Military Pilot of the USSR (1966).

In military service since 1935. Graduated from the Stalingrad Military Pilot School (1938, with honors), the Higher Officer Flight Technical Courses (1949), and the Higher Military Academy (1957). Since 1938, flight commander of the 7th Fighter Aviation Regiment of the Air Force of the Leningrad Military District. Participated in (1939). He made 131 combat missions.

During the Great Patriotic War: on the Leningrad, then Karelian fronts, deputy commander and commander of an air squadron. From July 1943, assistant, then deputy commander of the 19th Fighter Aviation Regiment, and from September 1944, commander of the 20th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment. In total, during the war he made 367 combat missions, conducted 79 air battles, personally shot down 14 enemy aircraft and 28 in group battles.

After the war, Pavel Stepanovich Kutakhov commanded a fighter air regiment, then deputy commander, and from December 1950 - commander of a fighter air division. Deputy commander (11.1951 - 12.1953), commander of the fighter air corps (12.1953 - 12.1955). From December 1957, deputy commander for combat training, then 1st deputy, from August 1961 - commander of the 48th Air Army. First Deputy (07.1967 - 03.1969), Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force - Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR (03.1969 - 12.1984). He actively introduced combat experience into flight practice, made a great contribution to the development of the first generations of jet aircraft, to the development of tactics and operational art of the Air Force.

Awards: 4 Orders of Lenin, 2 Gold Star medals, Order of the October Revolution, 5 Orders of the Red Banner; Order of Kutuzov 1st class, Order of Alexander Nevsky, Order of the Patriotic War 1st class; 2 Orders of the Red Star, Order “For Service to the Motherland in the Armed Forces of the USSR” 3rd class, medals of the USSR; foreign orders and medals.

Air Marshal EFIMOV Alexander Nikolaevich[R. 6.2.1923]

Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force (12.1984 - 07.1990).

Soviet military leader, air marshal (1975), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (10/26/1944, 08/18/1945), Honored Military Pilot of the USSR (1970), Doctor of Military Sciences, professor, laureate of the USSR State Prize (1984).

In military service since May 1941. Graduated from the Voroshilovgrad Military Aviation School of Pilots (1942), the Air Force Academy (1951), and the Military Academy of the General Staff (1957).

During the Great Patriotic War: pilot of the 594th assault aviation regiment, flight commander, squadron of the 198th assault aviation regiment. In total, during the war years he made 222 combat missions, during which he personally and as part of a group destroyed 85 enemy aircraft at airfields (which is the highest achievement among Soviet pilots of all types of aviation) and 7 aircraft were shot down in air battles, a large number of manpower were destroyed and enemy technology.

After the war, Alexander Nikolaevich Efimov continued to serve in aviation: commander of an attack air regiment, an aviation division. Deputy, First Deputy Commander (1959-10.1964), since October 1964 - Commander of the Air Army. First Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force (03.1969 - 12.1984), Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force - Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR (12.1984-07.1990). Chairman of the State Commission for the Use of Airspace and Air Traffic Control (1990-1993).

Since August 1993 - retired. Since 2006, Chairman of the Russian Committee of War and Military Service Veterans.

Awards: 3 Orders of Lenin, 2 Gold Star medals; Order of the October Revolution, 5 Orders of the Red Banner, Order of Alexander Nevsky, 2 Orders of the Patriotic War, 1st class; Order of the Red Star, “For service to the Motherland in the Armed Forces of the USSR” 3rd class, “For services to the Fatherland” 4th, 3rd and 2nd class, Courage; medals of the USSR and the Russian Federation; foreign orders and medals.

Air Marshal SHAPOSHNIKOV Evgeniy Ivanovich[R. 3.02.1942]

Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force (07.1990 - 08.1991).

State and military figure of the USSR and the Russian Federation, Air Marshal (1991), Honored Military Pilot of the Russian Federation.

In military service since 1959. Graduated from the Kharkov Higher Military School of Air Force Pilots (1963), the Air Force Academy (1969), and the Military Academy of the General Staff (1984). In 1963-1966. pilot, senior pilot, flight commander of a fighter aviation regiment, in the period 1969-1973. squadron commander, deputy wing commander for political affairs, fighter wing commander. Since 1975, deputy commander, since 1976 - commander of the fighter air division, in 1979-1982. Deputy Commander of the Air Force of the Carpathian Military District for combat training - head of the combat training department. Deputy commander (1984-03.1985), commander of the Air Force of the Odessa Military District - deputy commander of the troops of this district for aviation (03.1985-06.1987), commander of the Air Force of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (GSVG) - deputy commander-in-chief of the GVSG for aviation (06.1987-05.1988), commander 1st Air Army GVSG (05-12.1988).

Since December 1988, Evgeny Ivanovich Shaposhnikov has been First Deputy Commander-in-Chief, and since July 1990, Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force - Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR. Minister of Defense of the USSR (08-12/1991), Commander-in-Chief of the United Armed Forces of the CIS (confirmed in office in February 1992). Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation (06-09.1993), since October - at the disposal of the President of the Russian Federation. In February 1994, he was appointed representative of the President of the Russian Federation in the state company for the export and import of weapons and military equipment "Rosvooruzhenie". Since November 1996, he was enrolled in the reserve of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation for the joint-stock company (JSC) Aeroflot - Russian International Airlines, and was the general director of the JSC. Assistant to the President of the Russian Federation on issues of space and aviation development (03.1997-03.2004). Since 2004, Advisor to the General Director of OJSC Sukhoi Aviation Holding Company. Chairman of the Board of the non-profit partnership “Flight Safety”.

Awards: Order of the Red Star, “For Service to the Motherland in the Armed Forces of the USSR” 2nd and 3rd class; medals of the USSR, Russia, orders of foreign states. Awarded the international public order "Golden Falcon".

Army General DEINEKIN Pyotr Stepanovich[R. 12/14/1937]

Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force (08.1991 - 01.1998).

Military leader of the USSR and the Russian Federation, Army General (1996), Hero of Russia (1997), Honored Military Pilot of the USSR, Doctor of Military Sciences, Professor.

In military service since 1955. Graduated from the Kharkov Special Air Force School (1955), Balashov Military Aviation School of Pilots (1957), Air Force Academy named after. Yu.A. Gagarin (1969), Military Academy of the General Staff (1982).

He served in the following positions: pilot of the Center for Combat Use of Aviation (1957-1962), commander of a strategic bomber crew (1962-1964). Deputy squadron commander (1969-05.1970), squadron commander (05.1970-08.1971), deputy regiment commander for flight training (08.1971-01.1973), commander of a separate special purpose guards aviation regiment (01.1973-11.1975). From November 1975 - deputy, then commander of the 13th Guards Dnepropetrovsk-Budapest Order of Suvorov 2nd degree heavy bomber aviation division, from 1982 - deputy, from 1984 - first deputy, from August 1985 - commander Air Army of the Supreme High Command. Commander of Long-Range Aviation (05.1988-10.1990). Since October 1990 - First Deputy, since August 1991 - Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force - Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR. Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) - Commander of the Air Force (12.1991-08.1992).

Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force of the Russian Federation (09.1992-01.1998). He made a great contribution to the preservation of the air component of the Armed Forces and the formation of the Air Force of the Russian Federation.

Since January 1998 in reserve, since December 2002 Pyotr Stepanovich Deinekin - retired. Head of the Department of the President of the Russian Federation for Cossack Issues (09.1998-02.2003). In subsequent years, he was vice president of Avikos CJSC and chairman of the Board of Directors of Afes SO JSC.

Awards: medal "Gold Star"; Order "For Service to the Motherland in the Armed Forces of the USSR" 2nd and 3rd class, "For Military Merit"; medals of the USSR and the Russian Federation.

Colonel General of Aviation KORNUKOV Anatoly Mikhailovich

Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force (01 - 02.1998).

Military leader of the Russian Federation, Army General (2000), Candidate of Military Sciences, State Prize laureate.

In military service since 1959. Graduated from the Chernigov Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots (1964, with honors), the Military Command Academy of Air Defense (1980, in absentia) and the Military Academy of the General Staff (1988). He began his military service in October 1964 in the Baltics as a senior pilot in an air defense fighter regiment. Since 1968, deputy squadron commander for political affairs - senior pilot of the 54th Guards Air Defense Fighter Aviation Regiment. Since 1970 in the Far East. In 1971-1972 squadron commander, 1972-1974. - Deputy commander of the air regiment, since January 1974 - commander of the air regiment of the air defense division. In September 1976 - February 1978, deputy commander of the air defense corps for aviation - chief of corps aviation. Deputy Chief of Aviation of the 11th Separate Air Defense Army (02.1978-06.1980), commander of the 40th Fighter Air Division of the Air Force of the Far Eastern Military District (06.1980-01.1985).

Since January 1985, in the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, commander of the 71st Air Force Fighter Corps (01.1985-07.1988). Since July 1988, First Deputy Chief of Aviation of the Air Defense Forces. Since June 1989, first deputy commander, then commander of the 11th Separate Air Defense Army - deputy commander of the Far Eastern Military District (FMD) for air defense, member of the Far Eastern Military District Military Council (07.1990-09.1991). Since September 1991, commander of the Moscow Air Defense District.

Since January 1998, Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Air Force, since March 1998, Commander-in-Chief of a new branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - the Air Force. He made a great contribution to the formation of a new type of Armed Forces and the further development of the United Air Defense System of the CIS member states.

Since January 2002, Anatoly Mikhailovich Kornukov has been in reserve. Advisor to the General Director of NPO Almaz-Antey on military-technical policy issues (since 2002).

Awards: Orders “For Service to the Motherland in the Armed Forces of the USSR” 2nd and 3rd class, “For Military Merit”, “For Services to the Fatherland” 3rd and 4th class; medals of the USSR and the Russian Federation.

The Air Force is a new branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation since March 1998.

The Decree of the President of the Russian Federation (RF) dated July 16, 1997 determined the formation of a new type of Armed Forces (AF) on the basis of the existing Air Defense Forces (ADF) and the Air Force (Air Force). By March 1, 1998, on the basis of the control bodies of the Air Defense Forces and the Air Force, the Directorate of the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force and the Main Headquarters of the Air Force were formed, and the Air Defense and Air Force Forces were united into a new branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - the Air Force.

Army General KORNUKOV Anatoly Mikhailovich[R. 01/10/1942]

Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force (03.1998 - 01.2002).

Army General MIKHAILOV Vladimir Sergeevich[R. 6.10.1943]

Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force (01.2002 - 05.2007).

Military figure of the Russian Federation, Army General (2004), Hero of Russia (06/13/1996), Honored Military Pilot of the USSR, laureate of the Prize named after. G.K. Zhukova (2002).

In military service since September 1962. Graduated from the Yeisk Higher Military Aviation School for Pilots (1966, with a gold medal), the Air Force Academy named after. Yu.A. Gagarin (1975), Military Academy of the General Staff (1991). Since 1966, he served in the following positions: instructor-pilot, senior instructor-pilot, flight commander, squadron commander. Since 1974, deputy commander and commander of the aviation regiment. Deputy head of the Yeisk Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots for combat training (1977-1980), head of the Borisoglebsk Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots (1980-1985). In 1985-1988 in various positions in combat training of aviation units and formations of the Moscow Military District. Since 1988, deputy and first deputy commander of the district air force for combat training and military educational institutions, since 1991, commander of the air force of the North Caucasus military district, since 1992 - commander of the air army. Active participant in the armed conflict on the territory of the Chechen Republic (1994-1996).

From April 1998, First Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force, from January 2002 to May 2007 - Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force of the Russian Federation. Honorary citizen of the city of Borisoglebsk (2000). Laureate of the Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov Prize (2002). During his service, he mastered about 20 types of aircraft, the total flight time was about 6 thousand hours.

In stock since May 2007.

Awards: medal "Gold Star"; Order “For Service to the Motherland in the Armed Forces of the USSR”, 3rd class, “For Personal Courage”, “For Military Merit”; medals of the USSR and the Russian Federation.

Colonel General ZELIN Alexander Nikolaevich[R. 6.05.1953]

Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force (05.2007 - 04.2012).

Military figure of the Russian Federation, Colonel General, Honored Military Pilot of the Russian Federation, Candidate of Military Sciences.

Graduated from the Kharkov Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots (1976, with honors), the Air Force Academy named after. Yu.A. Gagarin (1988), Military Academy of the General Staff (1997). He served in the following positions: pilot of the 787th Fighter Aviation Regiment, deputy commander, commander of the 115th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment. First Deputy Commander of the 23rd Air Force Air Force and Air Defense, commander of the 16th Guards Fighter Aviation Division of the North Caucasus Military District, 50th Air Force and Air Defense Corps, commander of the 14th (2000-2001) and 4th (2001- 2002) by the Air Force and Air Defense armies.

Since August 2002 - Head of the Air Force Aviation Directorate - Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force for Aviation. Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force of the Russian Federation (05/09/2007-04/26/2012). Provided leadership for the transition to the new look of the Russian Air Force.

Mastered more than 10 types of aircraft, including Su-34 and Yak-130 aircraft.

Awards: Order of the Red Star, “For Military Merit”, “For Merit to the Fatherland”, 4th class; St. George 2nd century; medals of the USSR and the Russian Federation.

Colonel General BONDAREV Viktor Nikolaevich[R. 7.12.1959]

Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force (from May 6, 2012), Commander-in-Chief of the Aerospace Forces (from August 1, 2015)

Military figure of the Russian Federation, Colonel General, Hero of Russia (04/21/2000).

In military service since 1977. Graduated from the Borisoglebsk Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots (1981), the Air Force Academy named after. Yu.A. Gagarin (1992), Military Academy of the General Staff (2004).

He served in the following positions: instructor-pilot, flight commander at the Barnaul Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots, senior navigator, squadron commander at the Flight Training Center, deputy commander of the attack air regiment.

Participant in combat operations in Afghanistan as part of the Limited contingent of Soviet troops. Commander of the 899th Guards Assault Orsha Twice Red Banner Order of Suvorov Air Regiment, III degree (09.1996-10.2000). Participant in the armed conflict on the territory of the Chechen Republic (1994-1996, 1999-2003).

Since October 2000, deputy commander, since 2004 - commander of the 105th mixed aviation division, since 2006 - deputy commander, since June 2008 - commander of the 14th Air Force and Air Defense Army. Chief of the Air Force General Staff (07.2011-06.05.2012). Since May 6, 2012 - Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force of the Russian Federation.

Since August 2015 - Commander-in-Chief of the Aerospace Forces of the Russian Federation.

Awards: medal "Gold Star"; Order “For Service to the Motherland in the Armed Forces of the USSR”, Courage; medals of the USSR and the Russian Federation.

Major General Kobylash Sergey Ivanovich

Chief of Aviation of the Russian Air Force (since 11/13/2013).

Sergey Kobylash was born on April 1, 1965 in Odessa. Graduated from the Yeisk Higher Military Aviation School named after V.M. Komarov in 1987, Air Force Academy named after. Yu.A. Gagarin in 1994, Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in 2012.

Combat pilot, served as a pilot, senior pilot, flight commander, deputy squadron commander, squadron commander, deputy regiment commander, regiment commander, 1st category base commander, head of the operational-tactical and army aviation department of the Air Force High Command, deputy chief of air force aviation . Participated in the operation to force Georgia to peace in the Georgian-Abkhaz war of 2008.

He is qualified as a sniper pilot. The total flight time is more than one and a half thousand hours. Mastered the following types of aircraft: L-29, Su-7, Su-17 and its modifications, Su-25.

Awards: Hero of the Russian Federation, Order of Courage, “For Military Merit”, "For military merit", medal "For Courage" and other departmental medals.

The Military Space Forces are a new branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation since August 2015.

In August 2015, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, on the basis of formations and military units of the Air Force (Air Force) and the Aerospace Defense Forces (VKO), a new type of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was formed - the Military Space Forces: the department of the Commander-in-Chief of the Aerospace Forces and Main headquarters of the Aerospace Forces.

Colonel General was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Aerospace Forces in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 394 of August 1, 2015 Victor Bondarev, Chief of Staff - Lieutenant General Pavel Kurachenko, Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Aerospace Forces - Commander of the Space Forces, Lieutenant General Alexander Valentinovich Golovko, Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Aerospace Forces - Air Force Commander, Lieutenant General Andrey Vyacheslavovich Yudin.

On November 22, 2017, Colonel General was appointed to the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Aerospace Forces instead of Viktor Bondarev Sergey Vladimirovich Surovikin.

The current military districts remain unchanged, formations, formations and military units of the Air Force and Aerospace Defense Forces have been transformed into three branches of the Military Space Forces: air force, space force, air and missile defense forces.

The modern Air Force of the Russian Federation is traditionally the most mobile and maneuverable branch of the Armed Forces. The equipment and other means in service with the Air Force are intended, first of all, to repel aggression in the aerospace sphere and protect the administrative, industrial and economic centers of the country, troop groups and important facilities from enemy attacks; to support the actions of the Ground Forces and the Navy; delivering strikes against enemy groups in the sky, on land and at sea, as well as against its administrative, political and military-economic centers.

The existing Air Force in its organizational structure dates back to 2008, when the country began to form a new look for the Russian Armed Forces. Then the Air Force and Air Defense commands were formed, subordinate to the newly created operational-strategic commands: Western, Southern, Central and Eastern. The Air Force Main Command was assigned the tasks of planning and organizing combat training, the long-term development of the Air Force, as well as the training of command and control personnel. In 2009–2010, a transition was made to a two-level air force command system, as a result of which the number of formations was reduced from 8 to 6, and air defense formations were reorganized into 11 aerospace defense brigades. The air regiments were consolidated into air bases with a total number of about 70, including 25 tactical (front-line) air bases, of which 14 are purely fighter.

In 2014, the reform of the Air Force structure continued: air defense forces and assets were concentrated in air defense divisions, and the formation of air divisions and regiments began in aviation. An Air Force and Air Defense Army is being created as part of the United Strategic Command North.

The most fundamental transformation is expected in 2015: the creation of a new type - the Aerospace Forces based on the integration of the forces and assets of the Air Force (aviation and air defense) and the Aerospace Defense Forces (space forces, air defense and missile defense).

Simultaneously with the reorganization, an active renewal of the aviation fleet is taking place. Airplanes and helicopters of previous generations began to be replaced by their new modifications, as well as promising aircraft with broader combat capabilities and flight performance characteristics. Current development work on promising aircraft systems was continued and new development work began. The active development of unmanned aircraft has begun.

The modern air fleet of the Russian Air Force is second in size only to the US Air Force. True, its exact quantitative composition has not been officially published, but quite adequate calculations can be made based on open sources. As for updating the aircraft fleet, according to the representative of the press service and information department of the Russian Ministry of Defense for VSVI.Klimov, the Russian Air Force in 2015 alone, in accordance with the state defense order, will receive more than 150 new aircraft and helicopters. These include the latest Su-30 SM, Su-30 M2, MiG-29 SMT, Su-34, Su-35 S, Yak-130, Il-76 MD-90 A aircraft, as well as Ka-52 and Mi helicopters -28 N, Mi-8 AMTSH/MTV-5-1, Mi-8 MTPR, Mi-35 M, Mi-26, Ka-226 and Ansat-U. It is also known from the words of the former commander-in-chief of the Russian Air Force, Colonel General A. Zelin, that as of November 2010, the total number of Air Force personnel was about 170 thousand people (including 40 thousand officers).

All aviation of the Russian Air Force as a branch of the military is divided into:

• Long-range (strategic) aviation,
• Operational-tactical (front-line) aviation,
• Military transport aviation,
• Army aviation.

In addition, the Air Force includes such types of troops as anti-aircraft missile forces, radio engineering troops, special forces, as well as units and logistics institutions (all of which will not be considered in this material).

In turn, aviation by type is divided into:

• bomber aircraft,
• attack aircraft,
• fighter aircraft,
• reconnaissance aircraft,
• transport aviation,
• special aviation.

Next, all types of aircraft in the Air Force of the Russian Federation, as well as promising aircraft, are considered. The first part of the article covers long-range (strategic) and operational-tactical (front-line) aviation, the second part covers military transport, reconnaissance, special and army aviation.

Long-range (strategic) aviation

Long-range aviation is a means of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Armed Forces and is intended to solve strategic, operational-strategic and operational tasks in theaters of military operations (strategic directions). Long-range aviation is also a component of the triad of strategic nuclear forces.

The main tasks performed in peacetime are deterrence (including nuclear) of potential adversaries; in the event of the outbreak of war - the maximum reduction in the military-economic potential of the enemy by hitting his important military facilities and disrupting state and military control.

The main promising areas for the development of long-range aviation are maintaining and increasing operational capabilities to carry out assigned tasks as part of the strategic deterrence forces and general purpose forces through the modernization of aircraft with extension of their service life, the purchase of new aircraft (Tu-160 M), as well as the creation of a promising long-range aviation complex PAK-DA.

The main armament of long-range aircraft is guided missiles, both nuclear and conventional:

• Kh‑55 SM long-range strategic cruise missiles;
• aeroballistic hypersonic missiles X-15 C;
• operational-tactical cruise missiles X‑22.

As well as free-falling bombs of various calibers, including nuclear ones, disposable cluster bombs, and sea mines.

In the future, it is planned to introduce high-precision cruise missiles of the new generation X-555 and X-101 with significantly increased range and accuracy into the armament of long-range aviation aircraft.

The basis of the modern aircraft fleet of long-range aviation of the Russian Air Force are missile-carrying bombers:

• strategic missile carriers Tu-160–16 units. By 2020, it is possible to supply about 50 modernized Tu-160 M2 aircraft.
• strategic missile carriers Tu-95 MS - 38 units, and about 60 more in storage. Since 2013, these aircraft have been modernized to the level of the Tu-95 MSM in order to extend their service life.
• long-range missile carrier-bomber Tu-22 M3 - about 40 units, and another 109 in reserve. Since 2012, 30 aircraft have been modernized to the Tu-22 M3 M level.

Long-range aviation also includes Il-78 refueling aircraft and Tu-22MR reconnaissance aircraft.

Tu-160

Work on a new multi-mode strategic intercontinental bomber began in the USSR in 1967. Having tried a variety of layout options, the designers eventually came to the design of an integral low-wing aircraft with a variable-sweep wing with four engines installed in pairs in engine nacelles under the fuselage.

In 1984, the Tu-160 was put into serial production at the Kazan Aviation Plant. At the time of the collapse of the USSR, 35 aircraft were produced (of which 8 were prototypes); by 1994, KAPO transferred six more Tu-160 bombers to the Russian Air Force, which were stationed near Engels in the Saratov region. In 2009, 3 new aircraft were built and put into service, by 2015 their number is 16 units.

In 2002, the Ministry of Defense entered into an agreement with KAPO for the modernization of the Tu-160 with the goal of gradually repairing and modernizing all bombers of this type in service. According to the latest data, by 2020, 10 aircraft of the Tu-160 M modification will be delivered to the Russian Air Force. The modernized aircraft will receive a space communications system, improved sighting guidance systems and electronics, and will be able to use promising and modernized (X-55 SM) cruise missiles and conventional bomb weapons. In view of the need to replenish the long-range aviation fleet, in April 2015, Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu instructed to consider the issue of resuming production of the Tu-160 M. In May of the same year, Supreme Commander-in-Chief V.V. Putin officially ordered the resumption of production of the improved Tu-160 M2.

Main characteristics of Tu-160
	4 people
Wingspan
Wing area
Empty mass
Normal take-off weight
Maximum take-off weight
Engines	4 × NK-32 turbofan engines
Maximum thrust	4 × 18,000 kgf
Afterburner thrust	4 × 25,000 kgf
	2230 km/h (M=1.87)
Cruising speed	917 km/h (M=0.77)
Maximum range without refueling
Range with combat load
Combat radius
Flight duration
Service ceiling	about 22000 m
Rate of climb
Takeoff/run length
Weapons:
Strategic cruise missiles X‑55 SM/X‑101
Tactical aeroballistic missiles Kh‑15 S
Free-falling aerial bombs of up to 4000 kg caliber, cluster bombs, mines.

Tu‑95MS

The creation of the aircraft was started by the design bureau headed by Andrei Tupolev back in the 1950s. At the end of 1951, the developed project was approved, and then the model built by that time was approved and approved. Construction of the first two aircraft began at Moscow Aviation Plant No. 156, and already in the fall of 1952 the prototype made its first flight.

In 1956, aircraft, officially designated Tu‑95, began to arrive in long-range aviation units. Subsequently, various modifications were developed, including carriers of anti-ship missiles.

At the end of the 1970s, a completely new modification of the bomber was created, designated Tu-95 MS. The new aircraft was put into mass production at the Kuibyshev Aviation Plant in 1981, which continued until 1992 (about 100 aircraft were produced).

Now the 37th Air Army of Strategic Aviation has been formed as part of the Russian Air Force, consisting of two divisions, which includes two regiments of Tu-95 MS-16 (Amur and Saratov regions) - a total of 38 aircraft. About 60 more units are in storage.

Due to the obsolescence of equipment, in 2013 the modernization of aircraft in service to the level of the Tu-95 MSM began, the service life of which will last until 2025. They will be equipped with new electronics, a sighting and navigation system, a satellite navigation system, and will be able to carry new X-101 strategic cruise missiles.

Main characteristics of Tu-95MS
	7 people
Wingspan:
Wing area
Empty mass
Normal take-off weight
Maximum take-off weight
Engines	4 × NK‑12 MP theater
Power	4 × 15,000 l. With.
Maximum speed at altitude
Cruising speed	about 700 km/h
Maximum range
Practical range
Combat radius
Service ceiling	about 11000 m
Takeoff/run length
Weapons:
Built-in Strategic cruise missiles X‑55 SM/X‑101–6 or 16 Free-falling aerial bombs up to 9000 kg caliber, cluster bombs, mines.

Tu-22M3

The Tu-22 M3 long-range supersonic missile carrier-bomber with variable wing geometry is designed to conduct combat operations in the operational zones of land and sea theaters of military operations day and night in simple and adverse weather conditions. It is capable of striking Kh‑22 cruise missiles against sea targets, Kh‑15 supersonic aeroballistic missiles against ground targets, and also perform targeted bombing. In the west it was called "Backfire".

In total, the Kazan Aviation Production Association built 268 Tu-22 M3 bombers until 1993.

Currently, about 40 Tu-22 M3 units are in service, and another 109 are in reserve. By 2020, it is planned to upgrade about 30 vehicles at KAPO to the level of the Tu-22 M3 M (the modification was put into service in 2014). They will be equipped with new electronics, expand the range of weapons by introducing the latest high-precision ammunition, and extend their service life to 40 years.

Main characteristics of Tu-22M3
	4 people
Wingspan: At minimum sweep angle At maximum sweep angle
Wing area
Empty mass
Normal take-off weight
Maximum take-off weight
Engines	2 × NK-25 turbofan engines
Maximum thrust	2 × 14,500 kgf
Afterburner thrust	2 × 25,000 kgf
Maximum speed at altitude
Cruising speed
Range of flight
Combat radius with a load of 12 t	1500…2400 km
Service ceiling
Takeoff/run length
Weapons:
Built-in 23 mm defensive installation with GSh-23 cannons
X-22 anti-ship cruise missiles
Tactical aeroballistic missiles X‑15 S.

Promising developments

PAK YES

In 2008, funding for R&D was opened in Russia to create a promising long-range aviation complex, the PAK DA. The program envisages the development of a fifth-generation long-range bomber to replace the aircraft in service with the Russian Air Force. The fact that the Russian Air Force formulated tactical and technical requirements for the PAK DA program and began preparations for the participation of design bureaus in the development competition was announced back in 2007. According to the General Director of Tupolev OJSC I. Shevchuk, the contract under the PAK DA program was won by Tupolev Design Bureau. In 2011, it was reported that a preliminary design of an integrated avionics complex for a promising complex had been developed, and the long-range aviation command of the Russian Air Force issued a tactical and technical specification for the creation of a promising bomber. Plans were announced to build 100 vehicles, which are expected to be put into service by 2027.

The weapons most likely to be used will be advanced hypersonic missiles, long-range cruise missiles of the X-101 type, short-range precision missiles and adjustable aerial bombs, as well as free-falling bombs. It was stated that some of the missile samples had already been developed by the Tactical Missiles Corporation. Perhaps the aircraft will also be used as an air carrier of an operational-strategic reconnaissance and strike complex. It is possible that for self-defense, in addition to the electronic warfare system, the bomber will be armed with air-to-air missiles.

Operational-tactical (front-line) aviation

Operational-tactical (front-line) aviation is designed to solve operational, operational-tactical and tactical tasks in operations (combat actions) of groupings of troops (forces) in theaters of military operations (strategic directions).

Bomber aviation, which is part of front-line aviation, is the main strike weapon of the Air Force primarily in operational and operational-tactical depth.

Attack aircraft are intended primarily for air support of troops, destruction of manpower and objects primarily at the front line, in the tactical and immediate operational depth of the enemy. In addition, it can also fight enemy aircraft in the air.

The main promising areas for the development of bombers and attack aircraft of operational-tactical aviation are maintaining and increasing capabilities in the framework of solving operational, operational-tactical and tactical tasks during combat operations in the theater of operations through the supply of new ones (Su‑34) and modernization of existing ones (Su‑25 SM ) aircraft.

Bombers and attack aircraft of front-line aviation are armed with air-to-surface and air-to-air missiles, unguided missiles of various types, aircraft bombs, including adjustable bombs, cluster bombs, and aircraft cannons.

Fighter aviation is represented by multi-role and front-line fighters, as well as fighter-interceptors. Its purpose is to destroy enemy aircraft, helicopters, cruise missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles in the air, as well as ground and sea targets.

The task of fighter aircraft of air defense is to cover the most important directions and individual objects from enemy air attacks by destroying their aircraft at maximum ranges with the help of interceptors. Air defense aviation also includes combat helicopters, special and transport aircraft and helicopters.

The main promising areas for the development of fighter aviation are maintaining and increasing the capabilities to carry out assigned tasks through the modernization of existing aircraft, the purchase of new aircraft (Su-30, Su-35), as well as the creation of a promising PAK-FA aviation complex, which has been tested since 2010 year and, possibly, a promising long-range interceptor.

The main weapons of fighter aircraft are air-to-air and air-to-surface guided missiles of various ranges, as well as free-falling and adjustable bombs, unguided missiles, cluster bombs, and aircraft cannons. Development of advanced missile weapons is underway.

The modern aircraft fleet of attack and front-line bomber aviation includes the following types of aircraft:

• Su‑25–200 attack aircraft, including Su‑25UB, about 100 more are in storage. Despite the fact that these aircraft were put into service in the USSR, their combat potential, taking into account modernization, remains quite high. By 2020, it is planned to upgrade about 80 attack aircraft to the Su-25 SM level.
• front-line bombers Su‑24 M - 21 units. These Soviet-made aircraft are already outdated and are actively being decommissioned. In 2020, it is planned to dispose of all Su‑24 M in service.
• fighter-bombers Su‑34–69 units. The latest multi-role aircraft that replace obsolete Su-24 M bombers in units. The total number of Su-34 ordered is 124 units, which will enter service in the near future.

Su-25

The Su-25 is an armored subsonic attack aircraft designed to provide close support to ground forces over the battlefield. It is capable of destroying point and area targets on the ground day and night under any weather conditions. We can say that this is the best aircraft of its class in the world, tested in real combat operations. Among the troops, the Su-25 received the unofficial nickname “Rook”, in the west - the designation “Frogfoot”.

Serial production was carried out at aircraft factories in Tbilisi and Ulan-Ude (over the entire period, 1,320 aircraft of all modifications were produced, including for export).

The vehicles were produced in various modifications, including the combat training Su‑25UB and the deck-based Su‑25UTD for the Navy. Currently, the Russian Air Force has about 200 Su-25 aircraft of various modifications, which are in service with 6 combat and several training air regiments. About 100 more old cars are in storage.

In 2009, the Russian Ministry of Defense announced the resumption of purchases of Su-25 attack aircraft for the Air Force. At the same time, a program was adopted to modernize 80 vehicles to the level of the Su-25 SM. They are equipped with the latest electronics, including an sighting system, multifunctional indicators, new electronic warfare equipment, and the Spear radar. The new Su-25UBM aircraft, which will have similar equipment to the Su-25 SM, has been adopted as a combat training aircraft.

Main characteristics of the Su-25
	1 person
Wingspan
Wing area
Empty mass
Normal take-off weight
Maximum take-off weight
Engines	2 × R‑95Sh turbojet engines
Maximum thrust	2 × 4100 kgf
Maximum speed
Cruising speed
Practical range with combat load
Ferry range
Service ceiling
Rate of climb
Takeoff/run length
Weapons:
Built-in 30 mm double-barreled gun GSh-30–2 (250 rounds) On external sling Guided air-to-surface missiles - Kh-25 ML, Kh-25 MLP, S-25 L, Kh-29 L Air bombs, cassettes - FAB-500, RBK-500, FAB-250, RBK-250, FAB-100, KMGU-2 containers Shooting and gun containers - SPPU-22–1 (23 mm GSh-23 gun)

Su‑24M

The Su-24 M front-line bomber with a variable-sweep wing is designed to launch missile and bomb strikes in the operational and operational-tactical depths of the enemy day and night in simple and adverse weather conditions, including at low altitudes, with targeted destruction of ground and surface targets with controlled and controlled missiles. unguided munitions. In the west it received the designation "Fencer"

Serial production was carried out at NAPO named after Chkalov in Novosibirsk (with the participation of KNAAPO) until 1993; about 1,200 vehicles of various modifications were built, including for export.

At the turn of the century, due to the obsolescence of aviation technology, Russia began a program to modernize front-line bombers to the level of the Su-24 M2. In 2007, the first two Su-24 M2 were transferred to the Lipetsk Combat Use Center. Delivery of the remaining vehicles to the Russian Air Force was completed in 2009.

Currently, the Russian Air Force has 21 Su‑24M aircraft of several modifications remaining, but as the newest Su‑34s enter combat units, Su‑24s are removed from service and scrapped (by 2015, 103 aircraft were scrapped). By 2020, they should be completely withdrawn from the Air Force.

Main characteristics of the Su-24M
	2 people
Wingspan At maximum sweep angle At minimum sweep angle
Wing area
Empty mass
Normal take-off weight
Maximum take-off weight
Engines	2 × AL-21 F-3 turbofan engines
Maximum thrust	2 × 7800 kgf
Afterburner thrust	2 × 11200 kgf
Maximum speed at altitude	1700 km/h (M=1.35)
Maximum speed at an altitude of 200 m
Ferry range
Combat radius
Service ceiling	about 11500 m
Takeoff/run length
Weapons:
Built-in 23‑mm 6‑barreled gun GSh‑6–23 (500 rounds) On external sling: Guided air-to-air missiles - R-60 Guided air-to-surface missiles - Kh‑25 ML/MR, Kh‑23, Kh‑29 L/T, Kh‑59, S‑25 L, Kh‑58 Unguided missiles - 57 mm S-5, 80 mm S-8, 122 mm S-13, 240 mm S-24, 266 mm S-25 Air bombs, cassettes - FAB-1500, KAB-1500 L/TK, KAB-500 L/KR, ZB-500, FAB-500, RBC-500, FAB-250, RBC-250, OFAB-100, KMGU-2 containers Shooting and gun containers - SPPU-6 (23-mm gun GSh-6–23)

Su‑34

The Su-34 multirole fighter-bomber is the latest aircraft of this class in the Russian Air Force and belongs to the “4+” generation of aircraft. At the same time, it is positioned as a front-line bomber, since it must replace the outdated Su-24 M aircraft in the army. Designed to carry out high-precision missile and bomb strikes, including the use of nuclear weapons, against ground (surface) targets at any time of the day in any weather conditions . In the west it is designated "Fullback".

By mid-2015, 69 Su-34 aircraft (including 8 prototypes) out of 124 ordered were delivered to combat units.

In the future, it is planned to supply approximately 150–200 new aircraft to the Russian Air Force and completely replace the outdated Su-24 with them by 2020. Thus, now the Su-34 is the main strike aircraft of our Air Force, capable of using the entire range of high-precision air-to-surface weapons.

Main characteristics of the Su-34
	2 people
Wingspan
Wing area
Empty mass
Normal take-off weight
Maximum take-off weight
Engines	2 × AL-31 F-M1 turbofan engines
Maximum thrust	2 × 8250 kgf
Afterburner thrust	2 × 13500 kgf
Maximum speed at altitude	1900 km/h (M=1.8)
Maximum ground speed
Ferry range
Combat radius
Service ceiling
Weapons:
Built-in - 30 mm gun GSh-30–1 On the external sling - all types of modern air-to-air and air-to-surface guided missiles, unguided missiles, aerial bombs, cluster bombs

The modern fighter aircraft fleet consists of the following types of aircraft:

• MiG-29 front-line fighters of various modifications - 184 units. In addition to the MiG-29 S, MiG-29 M and MiG-29UB modifications, the latest versions of the MiG-29 SMT and MiG-29UBT (28 and 6 units as of 2013) were put into service. At the same time, there are no plans to modernize old-built aircraft. Based on the MiG-29, the promising multi-role fighter MiG-35 was created, but the signing of a contract for its production was postponed in favor of the MiG-29 SMT.
• front-line Su-27 fighters of various modifications - 360 units, including 52 Su-27UB. Since 2010, re-equipment has been underway with new modifications of the Su-27 SM and Su-27 SM3, of which 82 units have been delivered.
• front-line fighters Su-35 S - 34 units. According to the contract, by 2015 it is planned to complete the delivery of a series of 48 aircraft of this type.
• multi-role Su-30 fighters of various modifications - 51 units, including 16 Su-30 M2 and 32 Su-30 SM. At the same time, the second series of Su-30 SM is currently being delivered; 30 units should be delivered by 2016.
• MiG-31 fighter-interceptors of several modifications - 252 units. It is known that since 2014, MiG-31 BS aircraft have been upgraded to the MiG-31 BSM level, and another 60 MiG-31 B aircraft are planned to be upgraded to the MiG-31 BM level by 2020.

MiG-29

The fourth-generation light front-line fighter MiG-29 was developed in the USSR and has been mass-produced since 1983. In fact, it was one of the best fighters of its class in the world and, having a very successful design, was repeatedly modernized and, in the form of the latest modifications, entered the 21st century as a multi-role fighter in the Russian Air Force. Initially intended to gain air superiority at tactical depth. In the west it is known as "Fulcrum".

By the time of the collapse of the USSR, about 1,400 vehicles of various variants were produced at factories in Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod. Now the MiG-29, in various versions, is in service with the armies of more than two dozen countries near and far abroad, where it has taken part in local wars and armed conflicts.

The Russian Air Force currently operates 184 MiG-29 fighters of the following modifications:

• MiG-29 S - had an increased combat load compared to the MiG-29 and was equipped with new weapons;
• MiG-29 M - a multi-role fighter of the “4+” generation, had an increased range and combat load, and was equipped with new weapons;
• MiG-29UB - two-seat combat training version without radar;
• MiG-29 SMT is the latest modernized version with the ability to use high-precision air-to-surface weapons, increased flight range, the latest electronics (first flight in 1997, adopted in 2004, 28 units delivered by 2013), weapons are located on six underwing and one ventral external suspension units, there is a built-in 30 mm cannon;
• MiG-29UBT - combat training version of the MiG-29 SMT (6 units delivered).

For the most part, all older MiG-29 aircraft are physically outdated and it was decided not to repair or modernize them, but to purchase new equipment instead - MiG-29 SMT (a contract was signed in 2014 for the supply of 16 aircraft) and MiG-29UBT, and also promising MiG-35 fighters.

Main characteristics of the MiG-29 SMT
	1 person
Wingspan
Wing area
Empty mass
Normal take-off weight
Maximum take-off weight
Engines	2 × RD‑33 turbofan engines
Maximum thrust	2 × 5040 kgf
Afterburner thrust	2 × 8300 kgf
Maximum ground speed
Cruising speed
Practical range
Practical range with PTB	2800…3500 km
Service ceiling
Weapons:
On external sling: Guided air-to-surface missiles - Kh‑29 L/T, Kh‑31 A/P, Kh‑35 Containers KMGU-2

MiG-35

The new Russian multi-role fighter of the 4++ generation MiG-35 is a deep modernization of the MiG-29 M series aircraft, developed at the MiG Design Bureau. In design, it is maximally unified with early production aircraft, but at the same time it has an increased combat load and flight range, reduced radar signature, is equipped with an active phased array radar, the latest electronics, an on-board electronic warfare system, has an open avionics architecture, and the ability to refuel in the air. The two-seat modification is designated MiG-35 D.

The MiG-35 is designed to gain air superiority and intercept enemy air attack weapons, strike with precision weapons against ground (surface) targets without entering the air defense zone day or night in any weather conditions, as well as conduct aerial reconnaissance using airborne assets.

The question of equipping the Russian Air Force with MiG-35 aircraft remains open until the contract with the Ministry of Defense is signed.

Main characteristics of the MiG-35
	1 - 2 people
Wingspan
Wing area
Empty mass
Normal take-off weight
Maximum take-off weight
Engines	2 × TRDDF RD‑33 MK/MKV
Maximum thrust	2 × 5400 kgf
Afterburner thrust	2 × 9000 kgf
Maximum speed at high altitude	2400 km/h (M=2.25)
Maximum ground speed
Cruising speed
Practical range
Practical range with PTB
Combat radius
Flight duration
Service ceiling
Rate of climb
Weapons:
Built-in - 30 mm GSh-30–1 cannon (150 rounds) On external sling: Guided air-to-air missiles - R-73, R-27 R/T, R-27ET/ER, R-77 Guided air-to-surface missiles - Kh‑25 ML/MR, Kh‑29 L/T, Kh‑31 A/P, Kh‑35 Unguided missiles - 80 mm S-8, 122 mm S-13, 240 mm S-24 Air bombs, cassettes - FAB-500, KAB-500 L/KR, ZB-500, FAB-250, RBK-250, OFAB-100

Su-27

The Su-27 front-line fighter is a fourth-generation aircraft developed in the USSR at the Sukhoi Design Bureau in the early 1980s. It was intended to gain air superiority and was at one time one of the best fighters in its class. The latest modifications of the Su‑27 continue to be in service with the Russian Air Force; in addition, as a result of the deep modernization of the Su‑27, new models of “4+” generation fighters have been developed. Along with the fourth-generation light front-line fighter, the MiG-29 was one of the best aircraft of its class in the world. According to Western classification, it is called “Flanker”.

Currently, the Air Force combat units include 226 Su‑27 and 52 Su‑27UB fighters of old production. Since 2010, re-equipment to the modernized version of the Su-27 SM began (first flight in 2002). Currently, 70 such vehicles have been delivered to the troops. In addition, fighters of the Su-27 SM3 modification are supplied (12 units were produced), which differ from the previous version in the AL-31 F-M1 engines (afterburner thrust 13,500 kgf), reinforced airframe design and additional weapons suspension points.

Main characteristics of the Su-27 SM
	1 person
Wingspan
Wing area
Empty mass
Normal take-off weight
Maximum take-off weight
Engines	2 × AL‑31F turbofan engines
Maximum thrust	2 × 7600 kgf
Afterburner thrust	2 × 12500 kgf
Maximum speed at high altitude	2500 km/h (M=2.35)
Maximum ground speed
Practical range
Service ceiling
Rate of climb	more than 330 m/sec
Takeoff/run length
Weapons:
Built-in - 30 mm GSh-30–1 cannon (150 rounds) Guided air-to-surface missiles - Kh‑29 L/T, Kh‑31 A/P, Kh‑59 Air bombs, cassettes - FAB-500, KAB-500 L/KR, ZB-500, FAB-250, RBK-250, OFAB-100

Su‑30

The heavy two-seat multirole fighter Su‑30 of the “4+” generation was created at the Sukhoi Design Bureau on the basis of the Su‑27UB combat trainer aircraft through deep modernization. The main purpose is to control group combat operations of fighters in solving problems of gaining air superiority, supporting combat operations of other types of aviation, covering ground troops and objects, destroying landing forces in the air, as well as conducting aerial reconnaissance and destroying ground (surface) targets. The Su-30 features a long range and duration of flights and effective control of a group of fighters. The aircraft's Western designation is "Flanker-C".

The Russian Air Force currently has 3 Su‑30, 16 Su‑30 M2 (all produced by KNAAPO) and 32 Su‑30 SM (produced by the Irkut plant). The last two modifications are supplied in accordance with contracts from 2012, when two batches of 30 Su-30 SM units (until 2016) and 16 Su-30 M2 units were ordered.

Main characteristics of the Su-30 SM
	2 people
Wingspan
Wing area
Empty mass
Normal take-off weight
Maximum take-off weight
Maximum take-off weight
Engines	2 × AL-31FP turbofan engines
Maximum thrust	2 × 7700 kgf
Afterburner thrust	2 × 12500 kgf
Maximum speed at high altitude	2125 km/h (M=2)
Maximum ground speed
Flight range without ground refueling
Flight range without refueling at altitude
Combat radius
Flight duration without refueling
Service ceiling
Rate of climb
Takeoff/run length
Weapons:
Built-in - 30 mm GSh-30–1 cannon (150 rounds) On external sling: Guided air-to-air missiles - R-73, R-27 R/T, R-27ET/ER, R-77 Guided air-to-surface missiles - Kh‑29 L/T, Kh‑31 A/P, Kh‑59 M Unguided missiles - 80 mm S-8, 122 mm S-13 Air bombs, cassettes - FAB-500, KAB-500 L/KR, FAB-250, RBK-250, KMGU

Su‑35

The Su-35 multi-role super-maneuverable fighter belongs to the “4++” generation and is equipped with engines with thrust vector control. Developed by the Sukhoi Design Bureau, this aircraft is very close in characteristics to fifth-generation fighters. The Su‑35 is designed to gain air superiority and intercept enemy air attack weapons, strike with high-precision weapons against ground (surface) targets without entering the air defense zone day or night in all weather conditions

conditions, as well as conducting aerial reconnaissance using airborne means. In the west it is designated “Flanker-E+”.

In 2009, a contract was signed to supply the Russian Air Force with 48 of the latest production Su‑35C fighters in the period 2012–2015, of which 34 units are already in service. It is expected to conclude another contract for the supply of these aircraft in 2015–2020.

Main characteristics of the Su-35
	1 person
Wingspan
Wing area
Empty mass
Normal take-off weight
Maximum take-off weight
Engines	2 × turbofans with OVT AL‑41F1S
Maximum thrust	2 × 8800 kgf
Afterburner thrust	2 × 14500 kgf
Maximum speed at high altitude	2500 km/h (M=2.25)
Maximum ground speed
Ground range
Flight range at altitude	3600…4500 km
Service ceiling
Rate of climb
Takeoff/run length
Weapons:
Built-in - 30 mm GSh-30–1 cannon (150 rounds) On external sling: Guided air-to-air missiles - R-73, R-27 R/T, R-27ET/ER, R-77 Guided air-to-surface missiles - Kh‑29 T/L, Kh‑31 A/P, Kh‑59 M, advanced long-range missiles Unguided missiles - 80 mm S-8, 122 mm S-13, 266 mm S-25 Air bombs, cassettes - KAB‑500 L/KR, FAB‑500, FAB‑250, RBK‑250, KMGU

MiG-31

The two-seat supersonic all-weather long-range fighter-interceptor MiG-31 was developed in the USSR at the Mikoyan Design Bureau in the 1970s. At that time it was the first fourth generation aircraft. Designed to intercept and destroy air targets at all altitudes - from extremely low to very high, day and night, in any weather conditions, in difficult jamming environments. In fact, the main task of the MiG-31 was to intercept cruise missiles across the entire range of altitudes and speeds, as well as low-flying satellites. The fastest combat aircraft. The modern MiG-31 BM has an on-board radar with unique characteristics not yet available to other foreign aircraft. According to Western classification, it is designated “Foxhound”.

The MiG-31 fighter-interceptors currently in service with the Russian Air Force (252 units) have several modifications:

• MiG-31 B - serial modification with an in-flight refueling system (adopted into service in 1990)
• MiG-31 BS is a variant of the basic MiG-31, upgraded to the level of the MiG-31 B, but without an in-flight refueling boom.
• The MiG-31 BM is a modernized version with the Zaslon-M radar (developed in 1998), which has a range increased to 320 km, equipped with the latest electronic systems, including satellite navigation, and capable of using air-to-surface guided missiles. By 2020, it is planned to upgrade 60 MiG-31 B to the level of the MiG-31 BM. The second stage of state testing of the aircraft was completed in 2012.
• MiG-31 BSM is a modernized version of the MiG-31 BS with the Zaslon-M radar and associated electronics. Modernization of combat aircraft has been carried out since 2014.

Thus, the Russian Air Force will have 60 MiG-31 BM and 30-40 MiG-31 BSM aircraft in service, and approximately 150 older aircraft will be decommissioned. It is possible that a new interceptor, codenamed MiG-41, will appear in the future.

Main characteristics of MiG-31 BM
	2 people
Wingspan
Wing area
Empty mass
Maximum take-off weight
Engines	2 × TRDDF D‑30 F6
Maximum thrust	2 × 9500 kgf
Afterburner thrust	2 × 15500 kgf
Maximum speed at high altitude	3000 km/h (M=2.82)
Maximum ground speed
Cruising speed subsonic
Cruise speed supersonic
Practical range	1450…3000 km
High altitude flight range with one refueling
Combat radius
Service ceiling
Rate of climb
Takeoff/run length
Weapons:
Built-in: 23‑mm 6‑barreled gun GSh‑23–6 (260 rounds) On external sling: Guided air-to-air missiles - R-60 M, R-73, R-77, R-40, R-33 S, R-37 Guided air-to-surface missiles - Kh‑25 MPU, Kh‑29 T/L, Kh‑31 A/P, Kh‑59 M Air bombs, cassettes - KAB‑500 L/KR, FAB‑500, FAB‑250, RBK‑250

Promising developments

PAK-FA

The promising front-line aviation complex - PAK FA - includes a fifth-generation multi-role fighter developed by the Sukhoi Design Bureau under the designation T-50. In terms of the totality of its characteristics, it will have to surpass all foreign analogues and in the near future, after being put into service, it will become the main aircraft of the front-line fighter aviation of the Russian Air Force.

The PAK FA is designed to gain air supremacy and intercept enemy air attack weapons in all altitude ranges, as well as launch high-precision weapons against ground (surface) targets without entering the air defense zone day or night in any weather conditions, and can be used for aerial reconnaissance using on-board equipment. The aircraft fully meets all the requirements for fifth-generation fighters: stealth, supersonic cruising speed, high maneuverability with high overloads, advanced electronics, multifunctionality.

According to plans, serial production of the T-50 aircraft for the Russian Air Force should begin in 2016, and by 2020 the first aviation units equipped with it will appear in Russia. It is also known that production for export is possible. In particular, an export modification is being created together with India, designated FGFA (Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft).

Main characteristics (estimated) of PAK-FA
	1 person
Wingspan
Wing area
Empty mass
Normal take-off weight
Maximum take-off weight
Engines	2 × turbofans with UVT AL‑41F1
Maximum thrust	2 × 8800 kgf
Afterburner thrust	2 × 15000 kgf
Maximum speed at high altitude
Cruising speed
Practical range at subsonic speed	2700…4300 km
Practical range with PTB
Practical range at supersonic speed	1200…2000 km
Flight duration
Service ceiling
Rate of climb
Weapons:
Built-in - 30 mm gun 9 A1–4071 K (260 rounds) On the internal sling - all types of modern and promising air-to-air and air-to-surface guided missiles, aerial bombs, cluster bombs

PAK-DP (MiG‑41)

Some sources report that the MiG Design Bureau, together with the design bureau of the Sokol aircraft plant (Nizhny Novgorod), is currently developing a long-range, high-speed fighter-interceptor with the code name “advanced long-range interception aircraft complex” - PAK DP, also known as MiG-41. It was stated that development began in 2013 on the basis of the MiG-31 fighter by order of the Chief of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces. Perhaps this refers to a deep modernization of the MiG-31, which was worked on earlier, but was not implemented. It was also reported that the promising interceptor is planned to be developed as part of the weapons program until 2020 and put into service until 2028.

In 2014, information appeared in the media that the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Air Force V. Bondarev said that now only research work is underway, and in 2017 it is planned to begin development work on the creation of a promising long-range interception aircraft complex.

(continued in the next issue)

Summary table of the quantitative composition of aircraft
Air Force of the Russian Federation (2014–2015)*

Aircraft type	Quantity in service	Planned build	Planned modernize
Bomber aircraft as part of long-range aviation
Strategic missile carriers Tu-160
Strategic missile carriers Tu-95MS
Long-range missile carrier-bomber Tu-22M3
Bomber and attack aircraft as part of front-line aviation
Su-25 attack aircraft
Su-24M front-line bombers
Su-34 fighter-bombers		124 (total)
Fighter aircraft as part of front-line aviation
Frontline fighters MiG-29, MiG-29SMT
Frontline fighters Su-27, Su-27SM
Frontline fighters Su-35S
Multirole fighters Su-30, Su-30SM
Interceptor fighters MiG-31, MiG-31BSM
Promising aviation complex for front-line aviation - PAK FA
Military transport aviation
Transport aircraft An-22
Transport aircraft An-124 and An-124-100
Transport aircraft Il-76M, Il-76MDM, Il-76MD-90A
Transport aircraft An-12
Transport aircraft An-72
Transport aircraft An-26, An-24
Transport and passenger aircraft Il-18, Tu-134, Il-62, Tu-154, An-148, An-140
Promising military transport aircraft Il-112V
Promising military transport aircraft Il-214
Army Aviation Helicopters
Multi-purpose helicopters Mi-8M, Mi-8AMTSh, Mi-8AMT, Mi-8MTV
Transport and combat helicopters Mi-24V, Mi-24P, Mi-35
Mi-28N attack helicopters
Ka-50 attack helicopters
Ka-52 attack helicopters		146 (total)
Transport helicopters Mi-26, Mi-26M
Promising multi-purpose helicopter Mi-38
Reconnaissance and special aviation
Aircraft AWACS A-50, A-50U
Airplanes RER and electronic warfare Il-20M
An-30 reconnaissance aircraft
Tu-214R reconnaissance aircraft
Tu-214ON reconnaissance aircraft
Il-80 air command posts
Il-78, Il-78M refueling aircraft
Promising AWACS aircraft A-100
Promising aircraft RER and electronic warfare A-90
Il-96-400TZ tanker aircraft
Unmanned aerial vehicles (transferred to the Ground Forces)
"Bee-1T"
If necessary, the Air Force and Transport Aviation Command can be reinforced by two squadrons of G.91 aircraft, squadrons (one each) of F-104G, C-160 and UH-1D helicopters from the German Air Force flight schools, as well as two squadrons of F-104G aircraft from the German Air Force Training Command in the USA. Communication of the German Air Force with NATO military authorities The activities of the German Air Force, like the US Air Force in Europe, are closely connected with NATO. According to the foreign press, the TAK commander is not a member of any NATO governing body, but represents his Air Force at the headquarters of the supreme commander of the bloc's allied armed forces in Europe on issues that are not within the competence of the country's defense minister. The TAK headquarters within the bloc participates in the development of common views on the combat use of aviation and the development in this regard of relevant manuals and instructions, and also processes and evaluates intelligence information, develops requirements and standards for combat training of personnel. The TAK headquarters is given the right to enter into contact with the headquarters of the joint NATO Air Force on issues of standardization, combat training of units and formations, conducting exercises and training of personnel. The main TAK forces allocated to the NATO command are part of 2 OTAC and, which are located on. 2 OTAC includes the 3rd Air Support Division, and 4 OTAC includes the 1st Air Support Division of the German Air Force. The Air Force of the unified command in the Baltic Straits area has reconnaissance and light combat aviation squadrons at its disposal. Germany's air defense forces and means are an integral part of NATO's unified air defense system in Europe. The territory of the country is included in the Central Zone, which is divided into the air defense region 2 OTAC (operational center in Maastricht) and the air defense region 4 OTAC (Kindsbach, Germany). The German Air Force allocated six divisions of Nike-Hercules missiles, nine divisions of Hawk missiles and four air defense fighter squadrons (a total of 432 missile launchers and 60 air defense fighters) for the air defense of the Central Zone. Combat training of aviation units and units of the German Air Force is carried out with the aim of maintaining them in constant combat readiness. The foreign press reported that the training was being organized by the national command in accordance with the requirements of NATO operational plans. It takes place in the form of individual crew training, competitions and exercises. In addition, all kinds of inspections are often carried out. A significant place in the crew training program is occupied by: combating low-flying targets; bombing small objects; interception of air targets at low and high altitudes. According to combat training plans, the German Air Force command annually organizes training launches of Pershing 1A missiles at the US White Sands training ground, New Mexico. Training of personnel of missile defense units takes place at the NATO missile range "Namfi" (Crete). In joint exercises with ground forces, aviation practices close air support missions. For example, the 1st Air Support Division and the 2nd Air Defense Aviation Division took part in the German Schneller Weksel exercise (September 1974). The exercise tested the interaction of aviation with ground forces in a complex, rapidly changing environment. Air defense aircraft fought against low-flying air targets. About 500 sorties were carried out daily. They are especially important for increasing the combat readiness of crews. Almost all of them involve, to one degree or another, the forces and assets of the German Air Force. In 1974, the largest NATO exercises took place (with the participation of 2 and 4 OTACs) under the code name. They paid special attention to the actions of fighter-bomber aircraft from forward airfields. For this purpose, several squadrons of G.91 aircraft from the German Air Force and aircraft from other countries in the bloc were relocated to field airfields. During the exercises, aviation provided direct air support to ground forces. Air defense tasks were solved during the Crack Force and exercises. Part of the air defense fighter aviation forces and missile defense units are on round-the-clock combat duty. The above examples indicate that German aviation units are constantly improving their combat readiness, using various forms and methods for this. Development of the German Air Force Long-term plans for the construction of the Air Force provide for the re-equipment of combat units with new aviation equipment by the beginning of the 80s. At the same time, the improvement of the material part of ground-based air defense systems will continue, and subsequently the combat and auxiliary assets of the Air Force will be maintained in combat-ready condition through the implementation of a modernization program. According to these plans, in 1975, fighter aviation squadrons were completely re-equipped with American-made F-4F Phantom 2 aircraft. From 1976 to 1979, G.91 aircraft, intended for close air support and reconnaissance, are expected to be replaced by aircraft (manufactured in Germany and France), which are currently undergoing flight tests. In 1978 - 82, instead of the F-104G fighter-bombers, it is planned to receive aircraft (manufactured in Germany, Great Britain and Italy), which are also at the testing stage. After completing the rearmament program, the Air Force will have two squadrons of RF-4E reconnaissance aircraft (60 units), two squadrons of F-4F fighters (60), two squadrons of Alpha Jet attack aircraft (72), two squadrons of F-4F fighter-bombers ( 60) and presumably four squadrons of Panavia-200 fighter-bombers (120). It is planned to equip the new aircraft with more advanced weapons. For the Panavia-200 and Alpha Jet aircraft, Mauser is developing a 27-mm cannon with caseless ammunition. In addition, an air-to-ground missile launcher and a BD-1 cassette loaded with bombs are being created. On behalf of the Air Force, the Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blom company is working on the creation of a heavy air-to-ground guided missile. It is based on the Yumbo missile launcher with a television command guidance system. Her weight is 1100 kg. The carriers of such missiles will be Panavia-200 aircraft. It is expected to have a lighter missile launcher in service. The American Bulldog missile launcher with laser and television guidance systems is being considered as an option. The BD-1 cassette, also known as Strebo, is being developed by Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blom for use against armored vehicles on the march or in concentration areas. The cassette will consist of four sections (three sections will contain bombs, and one will contain a standard charge, ensuring their dispersion). The cassettes are suitable for suspension on Panavia-200 and F-4F aircraft. Options for cassettes for use on other aircraft are being considered. Of the new air-to-air missiles, according to foreign press reports, the command of the German Air Force intends to receive the American-made AIM-9L Super Sidewinder missile. It is expected that another AIM-7F missile will be adopted as an anti-radar weapon. As for air defense systems, the Nike-Hercules missiles, after modernizing the electronic systems, will remain in units until the mid-80s, and the Hawk missiles are planned to be replaced with improved models in 1975-1976. Currently, the Air Force command is considering the purchase of American-made SAM-D missiles. It is also planned to improve the radar network of the air defense system. Thus, judging by foreign press reports, the German Air Force is equipped with modern aviation equipment and weapons. The units and subunits that are part of the joint NATO Air Force are maintained in high combat readiness and are one of the main tactical strike forces of the bloc in the Central European theater of operations. Kozhevnikov Mikhail Nikolaevich Command and headquarters of the Soviet Army Air Force in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 Kozhevnikov Mikhail Nikolaevich Command and headquarters of the Soviet Army Air Force in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Introduction I. On the eve of the Great Patriotic War Actions of aviation of capitalist states in the West The air force of Nazi Germany before the attack on the Soviet Union The state of the Soviet Air Force on the eve of the war II. Command and headquarters of the Air Force of the Soviet Army at the beginning of the war and in the summer-autumn operations of 1941. The nature of the actions of the aviation of the parties in the first days of the war Organizational strengthening of the Soviet Air Force Senior aviation commanders of the Air Force on the war fronts III. Further strengthening of the Air Force of the Soviet Army The situation on the fronts in the spring of 1942 Organizational changes in the central apparatus, operational formations and formations of the Air Force of the Soviet Army Coordination of Air Force actions by representatives of the Supreme High Command for aviation in the summer-autumn operations of 1942. IV. The struggle for strategic air supremacy in the spring and summer of 1943 Air battles in Kuban Air operations of the Soviet Air Force to defeat enemy air groups in the summer of 1943. Actions of the Soviet Air Force to disrupt railway transportation and disorganize enemy road traffic V. Command and headquarters of the Soviet Army Air Force in the Battle of Kursk Operational-strategic situation in the Kursk direction by July 1943 Command and headquarters of the Soviet Army Air Force during the preparation for the Battle of Kursk Actions of Soviet aviation in the Battle of Kursk VI. The Air Force of the Soviet Army in the operations of the final period of the war The situation on the fronts by the beginning of 1944. Activities of the command and staff of the Soviet Army Air Force to improve aviation management In the Korsun-Shevchenko operation In the Belarusian operation In the Vistula-Oder operation In the East Prussian operation In the Berlin operation VII. In the Far East The situation by the summer of 1945 Preparation for combat operations in the Far East Combat operations of the Soviet Air Force Aviation footage of the Great Patriotic War Conclusion Application Introduction The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union against Nazi Germany and its allies in Europe and Asia was the largest military clash of socialism with the striking forces of imperialism, the heaviest and most brutal of all the wars our Motherland has ever experienced. The Soviet people and their Armed Forces, under the leadership of the Communist Party, inflicted a crushing defeat on Nazi Germany and its satellites, defended the freedom and independence of the socialist Fatherland, carried out a great liberation mission, and fulfilled their international duty with honor. “The victory,” L.I. Brezhnev pointed out, “which was won in the battles of the Great Patriotic War, is the victory of our heroic working class, the collective farm peasantry, our intelligentsia, the victory of the entire multinational Soviet people. This is the victory of the glorious Soviet Army, the army created by the revolution ", brought up by the party, inextricably linked with the people. This is a victory of Soviet military science, the combat skill of all branches of the military, the art of Soviet commanders who came from the people" (1). A significant role in the defeat of the Nazi troops belonged to the Soviet Air Force. In close cooperation with the ground forces and the Navy, they took an active part in all front-line and major strategic operations of front groups, and carried out independent air operations. Their concentration and massive actions in the main directions contributed to an increase in the scope and decisiveness of operations and were one of the most important factors that determined the maneuverable nature of the war. In a long and stubborn struggle, by the summer of 1943, the Soviet Air Force had won strategic air supremacy in all important directions and thereby created favorable conditions for the ground forces to conduct major offensive operations. With its actions, aviation cleared the way for infantry and tanks, helped them quickly break through defenses and quickly pursue the enemy, encircle and destroy his groups, cross rivers, capture and hold the most important bridgeheads, and thwarted the plans and intentions of the Nazi command. The commander of the Soviet Army Air Force and his headquarters were entrusted with organizing the struggle for strategic air supremacy, implementing interaction between types of aviation (front-line, long-range, air defense fighter aviation), coordinating their efforts during strategic operations by front groups and independent air operations, direct leadership at the beginning wars in combat operations of long-range bomber aviation (LBO), generalization of the combat experience of the Air Force and the development of proposals for their operational use. The Air Force command was responsible for the training of aviation reserves, aviation technical supply of units and formations, development of tactical and technical requirements for new types of aircraft and weapons , development of plans for the construction and reconstruction of airfields, for the training and retraining of flight technical personnel.His functions included generalization and implementation in parts and connections of advanced experience in the use in combat and operations of various types and branches of aviation. Coordination of the actions of front aviation in all strategic operations was carried out by representatives of the Supreme High Command Aviation Headquarters. They were senior aviation commanders who headed the Air Force - the commander, a member of the Military Council and deputy commanders of the Air Force of the Soviet Army. Initially, they were entrusted with organizing massive air strikes in the interests of only one front. Beginning in 1942, representatives of the Supreme High Command Headquarters for Aviation coordinated the efforts of the Air Force on several fronts with the involvement of the DVA (ADD) forces (2). Together with the commanders of the fronts and the commanders of the air forces of the fronts, representatives of the Headquarters developed plans for the operation, monitored the implementation of the tasks facing aviation, redirected its efforts during the operation, distributed the aviation reserves arriving at the fronts, and also dealt with aviation technical and airfield support for the attracted aviation forces in a given area. operations. The Air Force Commander, coordinating the actions of the Air Force on one to three fronts as a representative of the Supreme Command Headquarters, maintained constant operational contact with the General Staff and Air Force Headquarters, was always aware of affairs on all other active fronts and, through his operational group or through the headquarters of the Air Force, gave the necessary orders. In this work, the author aims to show the activities of the Soviet Army Air Force command, the work of the headquarters, as well as the coordination of the actions of aviation on several fronts and long-range aviation, carried out by representatives of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command. Chronologically, the work covers the period from September 1939 to September 1945, i.e. from the beginning of the Second World War to the victory of the Soviet Army in the Far East - the defeat of the Kwantung Army and the complete surrender of imperialist Japan. It shows the military operations of the aviation of capitalist states in the West, which preceded the attack of Nazi Germany on the USSR; the work of the command and staff of the Air Force on the eve and during the initial period of the Great Patriotic War was studied; in the operations of the summer-autumn campaign of 1941, in the huge battles of Moscow and Stalingrad, in the North Caucasus and near Kursk; in the final offensive operations of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Shows the structure of the Air Force headquarters, its leading directorates and departments, the directions of their activities, the relationship of the command and staff of the Air Force with the General Staff, with the command and headquarters of the fronts and air armies, the role and place of the Air Force in the defeat of Nazi Germany and militaristic Japan by the Soviet Armed Forces . When writing the book, the author used archival and published materials, his experience as a participant in the events described, repeated conversations during and after the war with Chief Marshal of Aviation A. A. Novikov, who headed the Soviet Air Force during the Great Patriotic War, and his deputy General A. V. Nikitin and members of the Air Force Military Council, Generals P. S. Stepanov and N. S. Shimanov, as well as with many war veterans. The author expresses sincere gratitude to Generals V.I. Semenchikov, G.A. Pshenyanik, Colonels Yu.V. Plotnikov, V.E. Sokolov, V.S. Shumikhin, F.P. Shesterin, N., E. Platonov, N. N. Azovtsev for good advice. The scheme of activity of CJSC "NRTB" with telecom operators (mainly the companies "VimpelCom" and "MegaFon") is straightforward: receiving an order to carry out any "left" work with receiving a standard report, paying for services at inflated rates, withdrawal money through fake "cash out" companies on false grounds and their "cutting" between the contractor and a specific customer. Over time, the task of CJSC "NRTB" was transformed - in addition to supplying "dirty money", the company was outsourced services for contacts with military and civilian officials, whose consent was required for the transfer of certain radio frequencies to the telecom operator, even on the terms of joint use. According to expert estimates, the cost of work by CJSC "NRTB" is minimal, especially considering the fictitious nature of most of the work. Of each incoming tranche from telecom operators, at least half was spent on bribes and kickbacks, incl. returns to the customer company. As we know, several billion rubles were withdrawn using this scheme. Typically, specialized research institutes of the RF Ministry of Defense are always involved in conducting such mathematically, tactically and strategically complex work on electromagnetic compatibility, in particular the AT&V Research Center of the 4th Central Research Institute of the Russian Ministry of Defense (Shchelkovo) and the Air Defense Research Center of the 4th Central Research Institute of the Russian Ministry of Defense ( Tver) (formerly the 30th and 2nd Central Research Institutes of the RF Ministry of Defense). It is these organizations that are given the right to conduct relevant research themselves or to conduct an examination of the research results of other organizations that have the appropriate authority to conduct such work. Prikhodko, realizing that if he involved scientific organizations of the RF Ministry of Defense, then (due to the complex electromagnetic situation) he would not get the results the operator needed, he decided to do this work without the Research and Development Institute of the Ministry of Defense. The question arises why the commanders of the Air Force General Staff, who have years of service behind them and extensive experience in such an important issue as flight safety (and especially in the Moscow zone!) suddenly refused the services of their specialized military scientific organizations and entrusted the issues of defense capability to some civil organization? There can be only one answer - corruption. In this field, the owner of CJSC "NRTB" V.V. Prikhodko worked with a wide range of “military specialists” who forced cellular operators to pay them for resolving all issues related to the allocation of radio frequencies. The matter was set up in such a way that it was possible to resolve issues quickly and efficiently only with the help of bribes and in this system personally V.V. Prikhodko was assigned the role of a transfer link - to receive money from telecom operators, carry out work (mostly mythical), withdraw money through shell companies and distribute bribes among officials of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. In particular, at the main headquarters of the Air Force (military unit 52676), regular financial gifts were personally received by the head of the electronic warfare service, Mr. Aleshin and the Main Staff of the Air Force Tikhonov, the head of the communications troops - deputy chief of the Main Staff of the Air Force for communications, Colonel Korobkov Valery Anatolyevich , Chief of Radio Engineering Troops of the Air Force, Colonel Smolkin. In principle, all the actors in this criminal group can be identified by the title and signature sheets of the reports that were prepared by CJSC "NRTB" - but we will note each one personally. In particular, the electronic warfare department of the General Staff (military unit 21882), which is a key structure in the passage of all radio frequency documents, is also engulfed in corruption. The main recipient of dirty money here was Andrei Karnaukhov, who represents the Ministry of Defense in the SCRF and is considered the main intermediary on issues of interaction with civilian telecom operators. Moreover, Karnaukhov himself does not have any documents, this is done by his boss - the head of the electronic warfare troops department of the General Staff, and Karnaukhov, using it “in the dark”, works as a filter in the direction he needs. It is through Mr. Karnaukhov that all reporting documentation of JSC “NRTB” goes through, it is he who organizes all the signatures on behalf of the electronic warfare troops, it is he who catches from the general flow of radio frequency requests passing through the electronic warfare troops those that Prikhodko needs. And, of course, not for free. In general, according to operational information, this group of officers, acting together, hid such a work scheme from their leadership, extorting bribes with the help of intermediaries (employees of JSC NRTB). To work with officers of the Air Force General Staff, a group of former military personnel was formed at JSC "NRTB", which was entrusted with the ongoing work of interaction with former colleagues from the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. It included Mikhail Vladimirovich Sergeev, the former head of the general department of the Air Force General Staff (this department goes through all the correspondence of the Chief of the General Staff, the officers of this department essentially provide “access to the body” of the chief, all other officers and heads of headquarters units know them) - interaction with the military at the Air Force General Staff is carried out by him personally (to this day, no longer in service, he has a pass “everywhere”). He arranged for the Chief of Staff of the Air Force to sign the necessary documents through Oleg Igorevich Pashkovsky (his former deputy in service), who later became the head of the general department, and since December 2011, also hired at NRTB. Included in the same group was Sergei Vasilievich Fesenko, a former officer of the Signal Corps Directorate of the Air Force General Staff, who worked at the National Radio and Radio Broadcasting Bureau under a contract while on active military service. He was brought to NRTB by Sergeev M.V. and he was actively involved in the activities of a commercial company without interrupting his military service: a day or two a week he “resolved issues” at the Air Force General Headquarters, and spent the rest of the time at ZAO NRTB. In fact, it was he who took an active part in organizing and conducting tests, carrying reporting documents for signature, and sometimes passing envelopes with money to his colleagues. It was Mr. Fesenko, at the urgent request of V.V. Prikhodko supplied ZAO "NRTB" with classified information on the frequency characteristics of Air Force landing aids (GSM(LTE)-900 band) and RTV radar (3G band) for the creation of reports, thus violating military secrets. Let us note that the research institutes of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, which in their activities use classified information when calculating the electromagnetic compatibility of military and civilian equipment or when examining preliminary studies of other authorized organizations, were completely excluded from the work scheme. That is, the report of a civilian organization (in this case, CJSC "NRTB") without the participation of the NIO MO does not make sense and is not a basis for officers of the Air Force General Staff to make a decision on allocating frequencies to the operator of the Ministry of Defense, or when compiling it, classified information about frequency assignments was used military facilities. Consequently, in the first case, the report was needed only as a formal piece of paper (which cost the customer a lot of money), and in the second, it is completely clear that classified information on frequency assignments was transferred to Mr. Prikhodko by employees of the Air Force General Staff, bypassing the current procedure and in violation of the secrecy regime . In the draft decisions of the regulatory bodies on this issue, it is said that the radio-electronic equipment of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, which are on combat duty, by decision of the SCRF commission, will be forcibly, without taking into account the requirements of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, transferred to operate in other ranges of the radio frequency spectrum. The need for such an action is explained by possible “unreasonable refusals [to telecom operators] to transfer to another frequency range the radio electronic zones used to meet the needs of government administration, national defense, state security and law enforcement.” At the same time, the conclusion of agreements on compensating existing users of radio frequency bands for losses from the transfer of existing distribution zones to other frequency bands is not provided. Thus, with the help of corrupt decisions and “methods” of CJSC “NRTB”, a scenario for the development of the situation is being prepared in which the territory of individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation and sections of the state border of the Russian Federation will not be covered for an indefinite period of time by special-purpose distribution zones that solve a wide range of tasks information support for air defense and air force complexes and systems. And this despite the fact that the air force radio electronics groupings using the frequency bands in question are classified as combat-ready assets. Victor Prikhodko, CJSC "NRTB", Victor Vladimirovich Prikhodko, CJSC "National Radio Technical Bureau", TIN 7706237910, Panov Vladimir Petrovich, VimpelCom, Valery Frontov, 45 Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Andrey Didenko, 694-880 MHz, 2500-2690 MHz, radio frequencies , radio frequency spectrum, LTE, Air Force General Staff, Air Force General Staff, Air Force Colonel General Cheltsov Boris Fedorovich, Head of the Electronic Warfare Service Mr. Aleshin, Head of the Air Force General Staff Tikhonov, Head of the Signal Corps - Deputy Chief of the Air Force Main Staff for Communications, Colonel Korobkov Valery Anatolyevich, head of the radio technical troops of the Air Force Colonel Smolkin, electronic warfare department of the General Staff (military unit 21882), electronic warfare, radio-electronic warfare, Andrey Karnaukhov, Sergeev Mikhail Vladimirovich, former head of the general department of the General Staff of the Air Force, Fesenko Sergey Vasilievich - former officer of the Communications Troops Directorate of the Air Force General Staff, Ministry of Communications, Gulnara Khasyanova, Soyuz LTE, Oleg Malis, Denis Sverdlov, Alexander Zharov, 3G, GKRCH, MegaFon, EGSM, CJSC "NRTB", 4th Central Research Institute of the Russian Ministry of Defense, Scientific Research Center of Air Defense 4th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of Russia, Frontov, Allagulova, bribes, Nikolay Pankov, Oleg Anatolyevich Ivanov, Aviatest, NPF Geyser, Advanced Technologies 30, Denis Afanasyev, Andrey Yudin, Olga Borisovna Smirnova, VP-Finance and Resources, Agency of Telecommunication Projects, Vimpelcom , LSE, OPG Prikhodko, Takhir Vildanov, Federal Tax Service No. 6, VP-Finance and Resources LLC, UTT Marketing Services GmbH, France Marcus Nestle, ATP CJSC, Rostov Cellular Telephone CJSC, Rostov Cellular Communications CJSC, "Kemerovo Mobile Communications", Nadezhda Lukyanchikova, Globtechnet%26Trading, Raiffeisenlandesbank, Dominator S62, Natalia Prikhodko, Dubai, A1 Fattan Marine Tower II, Seilerstatte 5, Innere Stadt 1010 Wien, VP-FinRes LLC. Giving. Deposits. Salary card. Statement of claim. Maternal capital 2024 magnet-coca-cola.ru