Mooring tests are a technological stage of acceptance tests. Its main purpose is to check the quality of construction of all ships, installation and adjustment of equipment; preliminary testing under load of the main power plant and auxiliary mechanisms, including our AT24-M50 marine frequency converter, testing the operation of systems and devices that ensure the survivability of the vessel; preparing the vessel for sea trials, checking its steering qualities and engine operation. To carry out mooring tests, special places with sufficient depth are prepared, equipped with coastal mooring devices and having a quay of durable construction. Mooring tests are carried out separately for mechanical, electrical and hull parts. The mechanical part is tested first, starting with emergency systems and mechanisms that ensure the safety of the vessel during testing (fire system, flooding and water pumping systems). Tests of the main power plant are carried out last. Ship systems, pipelines, electrical networks, power and survivability stations are tested simultaneously with the main mechanisms. Before testing the GTZA of a steam turbine installation, the operation of the shaft turning and shaft braking devices is checked, as well as the movement of the turbines into forward and reverse motion. During mooring tests of a steam turbine installation, hydraulic tests of pipelines of all systems are carried out, including fuel, fire, and steam; check the operation of auxiliary installations (start-up, feed, fuel pumps); carry out pumping of oil through the oil pipeline of the engine room; carry out hydraulic and steam tests of steam pipelines of the engine room; carry out tests of circulation and condensate pumps, as well as pipelines directly connected to turbines; carry out checking the power and lighting networks and starting the turbogenerator, as well as starting the GTZ for idling. Then the operation of the GTZ is checked at a rotation speed that is permissible according to the conditions of mooring reliability, the condition of coastal structures and the depth of the water area.

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The construction of any vessel ends with its testing and delivery to the customer. During the delivery period, a set of acceptance tests is carried out in order to comprehensively verify the compliance of the completeness and quality of the vessel with the contract for its construction. Then decisions are made on the commissioning of the vessel. During the tests, a final check is made of the performance of various equipment (including main and auxiliary mechanisms, systems, devices, etc.) and its interaction is worked out, the characteristics of the seaworthiness and habitability of ships are checked. The tests under consideration account for up to 7% of the labor intensity of building the vessel as a whole.

The sequence and scope of acceptance tests of the propulsion equipment and the vessel as a whole are determined by the programs developed by the design bureau of the vessel in accordance with the requirements of the Register of Russia and the provisions of the contract with the customer. Based on the test programs, a certificate log and a list of acceptances are compiled. Certificates are issued for each object subject to acceptance. Acceptance is an inspection or test carried out in accordance with drawings or an acceptance list, and the recognition of products that meet the established specifications.

The certificates indicate:

• Test period;
• Terms of acceptance of this object;
• Acceptance program and its results.

Certificates are usually grouped by design:

• Hull part;
• Power plant;
• Systems;
• Devices;
• Electrical equipment, etc.

In the list of acceptances, certificates are grouped by stages of acceptance testing.

A separate group includes the so-called construction certificates, which are issued before the start of testing.

Such certificates include, for example:

• Results of verification of certificates for ship hull material;
• Certificates of testing the tightness of the housing compartments;
• Certificates of verification of compliance of hull structures with the design, etc.

The total number of identities can be quite significant. Thus, for a dry cargo ship with a deadweight of about 40,000 tons, the magazine provided about 700 certificates, of which 300 were construction certificates.

The entire period of acceptance testing generally includes the following stages of work:

• Preparation for tests;
• Mooring tests;
• Sea trials;
• Inspection of mechanisms;
• Control output.

In addition, for certain types of vessels, another stage of testing is provided - operational tests of the lead vessel of the series. They are carried out after the customer signs the acceptance certificate according to the program developed by the ship designer. For example, for fishing vessels, the program includes checking the performance of fishing, technological and refrigeration equipment under operating conditions and checking the compliance of the technical and economic indicators of the vessel with design requirements. Ice tests are provided for icebreakers and ice-navigating vessels.

All mechanisms and equipment arriving at shipyards are subjected to bench tests to check the quality of assembly and establish the parameters entered in the passport. Bench tests reduce the time and cost of subsequent tests on the ship. At the manufacturing plants of mechanisms, appropriate test benches are created for such tests.

The main part of the preparation of the vessel for testing consists of:

• Reactivation of ship equipment;
• Adjustment;
• Setting up and testing in action;
• Flushing and checking the cleanliness of pipelines and systems, etc.

Due to the increase in the power supply of ships, the expansion of the use of automation and control equipment, the labor intensity of adjustment and adjustment work is increasing and in some cases reaches 50% of the labor intensity of mooring tests. After completing the preparatory work, mooring tests begin.

Mooring tests are carried out in order to check the quality of installation and performance of ship equipment and determine the readiness of the ship for sea trials. Previously, such tests were carried out only after the vessel was launched and moored at the plant's outfitting quay. Hence the name - mooring tests.

Mooring tests are carried out according to programs and methods developed by the vessel designer. In addition to instructions for conducting tests, the methods contain lists of equipment, fixtures and equipment required for testing, as well as table forms for recording equipment performance indicators and the results of their measurements.

Rice. 1 Diagram of a cable measuring line (a) and a measuring line equipped with secant sections (b)

As ship equipment is improved and automated control systems are used in its composition, both technical means and measurement methods are improved, which are the main source of obtaining a sufficient amount of objective information about the operation of the equipment. During testing, equipment is increasingly being used that automatically records changes in parameters over time and records indicators on tapes of oscilloscopes, recorders, or with digital information displayed on the screens of relevant devices. Instruments and equipment combined into complexes continuously and synchronously record a large number of rapidly changing parameters in both steady-state and unsteady operating modes of ship equipment. All kinds of sensors are used to measure and record various parameters.

During mooring tests, the performance indicators of the presented equipment are recorded and identified deficiencies are noted. If the operating conditions of the equipment during mooring trials do not differ from the operating conditions during sea trials, then, based on the results obtained, this equipment is finally handed over. Equipment, systems and devices, the operating conditions of which during the ship's progress differ from the conditions for mooring tests, are accepted twice, first at mooring tests and finally during sea trials.

The first group of equipment includes, for example:

• Ship power plant;
• Galley equipment;
• Most ship systems, etc.

To the second:

• Anchor device;
• Steering screw complex, etc.

A significant part of the work during the mooring tests is related to the main power plant. First, they set up and test the auxiliary mechanisms that serve this installation, then they test electrical power equipment and various emergency mechanisms (for example, an emergency diesel generator). In order to save the life of the ship's auxiliary mechanisms, during the testing period the ship is provided with electricity, steam, and compressed air from shore sources.

At the beginning of mooring tests of the main diesel installation, the following is checked:

• The operation of the turning device is correct;
• Alarms for pressure drop and oil overheating;
• Turning off the fuel supply when the rotation speed is higher than permissible;
• Engine starting qualities and starting air reserves.

Then they check the operation of the main engine at low and medium speeds, and, if there is a controlled pitch propeller or special load devices, at full speed.

During the period of mooring tests, the equipment of all ship premises is checked and handed over, the tightness tests of the premises are completed, and the salvage equipment is checked.

Mooring tests of a vessel are considered fully completed if all sections of the test program are completed in full and all equipment of the vessel is accepted by representatives of the technical control department of the plant, the Register and the customer in accordance with the mooring period certificate log. After completion of the mooring tests, the vessel is ready for sea trials.

Sea trials are carried out to check the reliability of:

• Actions of mechanisms;
• System;
• Devices;
• Instruments and the entire vessel under sea conditions;
• As well as compliance with contractual documentation of technical specifications;
• Seaworthiness of the vessel.

Tests are carried out in those areas of the sea, reservoir or river where free maneuvering of the vessel is possible, the necessary depths are available and technical support is available for testing individual mechanisms, devices and various equipment of the vessel.

During sea trials, the design specifications of the main ship engines (power, fuel and oil consumption, etc.) are checked under different operating conditions, including:

• Economic;
• Full;
• The most complete;
• Rear.

Simultaneously with checking the ship's power plant, sea trials determine the speed and maneuverability of the vessel.

Determining the speed of the ship is necessary to obtain its dependence on the speed of rotation of the propellers and the power of the main power plant. Speed ​​tests are carried out in special areas of the sea (rivers, reservoirs) on a measuring line (measuring mile) shown in Fig. 1. Mandatory conditions for organizing such a line are sufficient depth and the presence of free areas of water at the ends of the measuring section to ensure the safe turn of the vessel on the reverse course and increase in speed. Depth of the water area in the area of ​​the measuring line N l must be no less than the largest value obtained from the formulas:

• IN And T- the width and draft of the vessel, respectively, m;
• V- the highest possible speed of the vessel, m/s.

The measuring section of the measuring line is designated by secant sections (Fig. 1, b). the distance between which is precisely measured. To ensure sufficient accuracy of measurements, the run length on the measuring line should be one mile - at speeds up to 18 knots, two miles at speeds of 18-36 knots, three miles - at speeds over 36 knots.

To eliminate the influence of current, wind, and random errors in measurements on the test results, several runs of the vessel are carried out in opposite directions at the same propeller speed. Usually limited to three-tack runs. Speed ​​is determined as the average of measurements on several tacks.

When using electrical methods for determining the speed of a vessel, cable measuring lines are used, in which the role of transverse sections cutting off a measuring section of a certain length is assigned to electric cables. The equipment installed on the vessel records the moments of the vessel's passage over the cables and determines the time interval for passing the measuring section (Fig. 1, A).

Speed ​​tests of the lead vessel are carried out by a special group distributed among the measurement sites. The locations must be equipped with reliable communication with the measurement supervisor. During the tests, the propeller shaft rotation speed is recorded using recording devices, and readings of the propeller shaft rotation speed counters are taken continuously at regular intervals (no more than two minutes). Required speed measurement accuracy ±0.2%.

During maneuvering tests, the maneuverability of the vessel and its inertia at various speeds are determined, and the stability of the vessel on course is assessed.

The agility of the vessel is characterized by the elements of circulation:

• Tactical diameter (the distance between the return course lines when the ship turns 180°);
• Duration of circulation;
• The angle of heel of the vessel during circulation;
• Losing their speed.

The circulation diameter is measured using standard ship radar stations, as well as using special navigation equipment.

The basis for determining the inertia of a vessel is the assessment of its reversible qualities. Checking the reverses is necessary to determine the duration of the change in the direction of movement of the vessel to the opposite. Reverse is characterized mainly by the length of the path traveled by the ship from the beginning of the reverse to a complete stop. This path is called coasting. The run-out is usually expressed in lengths of the ship's hull, for example, “one length”, “two lengths”, etc. It is measured using radar equipment or using wooden blocks thrown into the water from the bow of the ship along the direction of its movement at the moment the command is given about changing the driving mode. When the stern of the vessel reaches the first dropped bar, the second is dropped, etc. until the vessel comes to a complete stop.

During sea trials in running modes, some elements of electrical equipment and navigation devices are also checked.

Sea trials are considered completed if all sections of the test program have been completed and the results obtained correspond to the specifications of the equipment or vessel.

Inspection of ship machinery and equipment is carried out after completion of sea trials. During the inspection process, a control opening of the mechanism is performed and its individual components are disassembled to determine their condition and identify possible defects. Particular attention is paid to rubbing and high-stress components and parts of disassembled mechanisms. The list of ship equipment subject to inspection, indicating its volume, is compiled by the selection committee.

At the same time as the equipment inspection, deficiencies identified during testing are eliminated. At the same time, the final painting of the ship's hull is carried out.

A control exit to the sea (reservoir, river) is carried out after:

• Audits;
• Elimination of all identified defects and shortcomings;
• Installation in standard places of equipment;
• As well as spare tools and devices.

The purpose of the control output is to check the operation of the equipment that has been audited.

Acceptance tests are organized and carried out by the ship's building plant together with representatives of counterparty plants, whose participation is stipulated in separate agreements with them. The preparation and conduct of tests is carried out by the plant’s delivery team, led by the responsible commissioner, consisting of highly qualified workers and engineers from both this plant and some contractors. The composition of the delivery team is appointed by order of the plant director. The acceptance team also includes the test batch, whose responsibilities include ensuring the normal operation of all measuring instruments and recording their readings during testing.

The acceptance of the vessel during commissioning tests is carried out by the acceptance committee, which includes representatives of the organization supervising the construction, the captain of the vessel and representatives of the customer and the design organization. Upon completion of the acceptance tests, the acceptance committee signs the vessel acceptance certificate. From this moment the vessel is considered delivered to the customer.

During mooring tests, mechanical and other equipment is tested in action on a ship located at the plant's berth. During the testing process, the correctness and quality of installation, preliminary regulation and reliability of the operation and interaction of main and auxiliary mechanisms, devices, systems and other equipment are checked, which are then checked under running conditions. Equipment, the operation of which does not depend on running conditions, as well as mechanisms that are tested using a method that simulates the running conditions of their operation, are finally tested in action and handed over to representatives of the customer and the Register of the Russian Federation.

Before testing, a report is drawn up on the readiness of the vessel for testing and the availability of reserves of fuel, oil and water, etc. Based on this report, an order is issued to begin mooring tests on the ship and at the same time a plan and schedule for their conduct is approved.

The sequence of mooring tests depends primarily on the type of vessel, main engine and the degree of their readiness for testing. The general procedure for testing mechanical equipment is approximately the same for all ships. First, they regulate and test the mechanisms and systems that ensure the vessel is unsinkable and fire safe. At the same time, they carry out adjustment and then tests of the main engine with the mechanisms, systems and shaft lines that serve them, and also carry out adjustment and testing of mechanical equipment that does not depend on the operation of the main engine.

When testing the engine, the following basic work is performed: preparation for action in accordance with the instructions (pumping with oil, cranking manually or with a cranking machine, opening valves, etc.); commissioning in action, bringing technical characteristics to the regulated ones and eliminating detected defects; testing of equipment in the modes provided for by the test program and delivery to representatives of the customer and the Register of the Russian Federation; elimination of detected defects and bringing mechanisms, devices and systems to their original state.

The scope of mooring tests is regulated by the program, and their sequence is regulated by the plan and schedule. In order to save their resource, tests of some elements of equipment of ship diesel installations are carried out from shore power sources.

See also:
What are the main provisions of the methodology and organization of these tests?

Assessing the performance of new structures, developing recommendations for their improvement and adjustment, checking the quality of assembly, adjustment, operational reliability, identifying technical and economic indicators, selecting optimal operating modes. Depending on the goals, the following types of tests are distinguished:

• Factory finishing;
  
• Acceptance and acceptance;
  
• Operational;
  
• S0special.

Development tests are carried out on prototype engine samples in the test bench conditions of the construction plant. At the same time, various design solutions of parts are checked, adjustment parameters are determined, and technical and economic indicators are assessed. The test program is very extensive, depending on the problems that arose during the development tests.

Acceptance tests ship internal combustion engines include bench, mooring and sea trials. During the tests, the operability of the engines and their servicing equipment is checked, the compliance of the engines with technical specifications and delivery guarantees, and some passport characteristics of the power plant are determined.

Marine engine crankshaft

Bench tests are carried out at the construction plant in the presence of a Register inspector. For main marine diesel engines, the following test modes are provided:

1. Work according to the screw characteristic in accordance with GOST 10448-63;
2. Tests for trouble-free starting and reversing;
3. Operation at minimum stable speed;
4. Work in reverse.

Bench tests can be combined with engine adjustment. The total operating time in bench test modes is 14 hours.

During mooring tests, the correct installation of the engine on the ship, the alignment of the shafting, the compliance of auxiliary mechanisms, and the operability of automatic regulation and control systems are checked.

Marine engine piston system

The total duration of mooring tests in accordance with GOST 7433-55 is 4-7 hours. After mooring tests, all main and auxiliary engines are inspected by the Register inspector and the customer, and defects are eliminated.

During sea trials, the operation of the engine and servicing mechanisms is checked in all operating modes, and the nameplate characteristics of the engine are established:

1. P regime tests are carried out for 10-25.5 hours in accordance with GOST 7433-55;
2. ABOUT the compressed air consumption per 1 start is determined;
3. IN the number and duration of starts and reverses without replenishing the cylinders is determined
   compressed air;
4. U a critical rotation speed and a prohibited speed zone are established (for the lead vessel);
5. Z hourly and specific fuel consumption is measured;
6. F Engine operating parameters are recorded using standard measuring instruments in all modes provided for by the test program.

After sea trials, the main and auxiliary engines are partially disassembled for inspection and inspection with the participation of representatives of the Russian Register.

Performance tests (passport, control and adjustment, adjustment, current) are carried out to build passport characteristics, check the technical condition, adjust, and determine the operational performance of the engine.

Passport tests must be carried out no more than 6 months after the vessel is put into operation. The thermal engineering team of the shipping company is taking part in the tests. As a result of the tests, the propeller characteristics of the vessel are obtained (the dependence of power on the rotational speed and speed of the vessel) when running fully loaded and in ballast, fuel and lubricating oil consumption in various modes. Based on the tests, the operating speed, fuel and lubricating oil consumption rates are established.

Control and adjustment tests

They are carried out approximately once a year without taking the vessel out of service (after repair or engine cleaning). Standard measuring equipment is used. The operating process parameters for the cylinders, fuel and lubricant consumption are compared with the results of passport tests, a conclusion is made about the need for adjustment, and if necessary, the engine is adjusted.

Adjustment tests are carried out, as a rule, after repairs in the factory, when gas and fuel distribution elements, fuel equipment, pressurization units, etc. were repaired. Current tests during the voyage include indexing of diesel engines with the results attached to the voyage report.

Marine diesel engine

Special tests are carried out to study operating processes, check the effectiveness of upgrades, check the conformity of fuel and lubricating oil grades, install cylinder oil dosing, etc. During the short period of engine operation during bench, mooring and sea trials (17-44 hours), the running-in of parts does not end. At the same time, GOST requires the engine to operate at full power during these tests, which, of course, damages the reliability and durability of operation. Therefore, efforts should be made to reduce the operating time at full power during testing.

After putting the engine into operation, it is necessary to carry out the running-in process from the very beginning, because We are talking not so much about running-in, but about correcting the surfaces of parts damaged during the testing process. By agreement with the Register and the customer, it is advisable to test engines at 110% Ne n carry out only after 1 year of operation.

Mooring tests- a set of measures carried out on ships and ships that are being completed to determine and test their operational qualities. The mooring testing stage, as a rule, takes place in port or factory conditions after launching, but without going to sea, and is combined with completion. During mooring tests, the operation of individual ship mechanisms is checked, onboard systems are launched, and the engines are idling. Living conditions on the ship during mooring tests may be unsatisfactory.

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