Purpose of the composition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and their purpose

The basis of any country's defense is its people. The course and outcome of most wars and armed conflicts depended on their patriotism, dedication and dedication.

Of course, in terms of preventing aggression, Russia will give preference to political, diplomatic, economic and other non-military means. However, Russia's national interests require sufficient military power to defend itself. The history of Russia constantly reminds us of this - the history of its wars and armed conflicts. At all times, Russia has fought for its independence, defended its national interests with arms in hand, and defended the peoples of other countries.

And today Russia cannot do without the Armed Forces. They are needed to defend national interests in the international arena, to contain and neutralize military threats and dangers, which, based on the development trends of the modern military-political situation, are more than real.

Composition and organizational structure of the Russian armed forces

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation formed by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 7, 1992. They represent a state military organization that makes up the country's defense.

According to the Law of the Russian Federation “On Defense”, the Armed Forces are intended to repel aggression and defeat the aggressor, as well as to carry out tasks in accordance with the international obligations of the Russian Federation.

Armed Forces of the Russian Federation consist of central military command bodies, associations, formations, units, divisions and organizations that are included in the branches and branches of the Armed Forces, in the rear of the Armed Forces and in troops not included in the branches and branches of the armed forces.

To the central authorities include the Ministry of Defense, the General Staff, as well as a number of departments in charge of certain functions and subordinate to certain deputy ministers of defense or directly to the minister of defense. In addition, the central command bodies include the Main Commands of the Armed Forces.

Type of Armed Forces- this is their component, distinguished by special weapons and designed to perform assigned tasks, as a rule, in any environment (on land, in water, in the air). These are the Ground Forces. Air Force, Navy.

Each branch of the Armed Forces consists of combat arms (forces), special troops and logistics.

Under the branch of troops is understood as a part of the branch of the Armed Forces, distinguished by basic weapons, technical equipment, organizational structure, nature of training and ability to perform specific combat missions. In addition, there are independent branches of the military. In the Russian Armed Forces these are the Strategic Missile Forces, Space Forces and Airborne Forces.

The art of war in Russia, as throughout the world, is divided into three levels:
- Tactics (the art of combat). A squad, platoon, company, battalion, regiment solve tactical problems, i.e., fight.
- Operational art (the art of fighting, fighting). A division, a corps, an army solve operational problems, that is, they wage a battle.
- Strategy (the art of waging war in general). The front solves both operational and strategic tasks, that is, it wages major battles, as a result of which the strategic situation changes and the outcome of the war can be decided.

Branch- the smallest military formation in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation - a branch. The squad is commanded by a junior sergeant or sergeant. Usually there are 9-13 people in a motorized rifle squad. In departments of other branches of the military, the number of personnel in the department ranges from 3 to 15 people. Typically, a squad is part of a platoon, but can exist outside of a platoon.

Platoon- several squads make up a platoon. Usually there are from 2 to 4 squads in a platoon, but more are possible. The platoon is headed by a commander with the rank of officer - junior lieutenant, lieutenant or senior lieutenant. On average, the number of platoon personnel ranges from 9 to 45 people. Usually in all branches of the military the name is the same - platoon. Usually a platoon is part of a company, but can exist independently.

Company- several platoons make up a company. In addition, a company may also include several independent squads not included in any of the platoons. For example, a motorized rifle company has three motorized rifle platoons, a machine gun squad, and an anti-tank squad. Typically a company consists of 2-4 platoons, sometimes more platoons. A company is the smallest formation that has tactical significance, i.e. a formation capable of independently performing small tactical tasks on the battlefield. Company commander captain. On average, the size of a company can be from 18 to 200 people. Motorized rifle companies usually have about 130-150 people, tank companies 30-35 people. Usually a company is part of a battalion, but it is not uncommon for companies to exist as independent formations. In artillery, a formation of this type is called a battery; in cavalry, a squadron.

Battalion consists of several companies (usually 2-4) and several platoons that are not part of any of the companies. The battalion is one of the main tactical formations. A battalion, like a company, platoon, or squad, is named after its branch of service (tank, motorized rifle, engineer, communications). But the battalion already includes formations of other types of weapons. For example, in a motorized rifle battalion, in addition to motorized rifle companies, there is a mortar battery, a logistics platoon, and a communications platoon. Battalion commander Lieutenant Colonel. The battalion already has its own headquarters. Usually, on average, a battalion, depending on the type of troops, can number from 250 to 950 people. However, there are battalions of about 100 people. In artillery, this type of formation is called a division.

Regiment- this is the main tactical formation and a completely autonomous formation in the economic sense. The regiment is commanded by a colonel. Although regiments are named according to the types of troops (tank, motorized rifle, communications, pontoon-bridge, etc.), in fact this is a formation consisting of units of many types of troops, and the name is given according to the predominant type of troops. For example, in a motorized rifle regiment there are two or three motorized rifle battalions, one tank battalion, one artillery division (read battalion), one anti-aircraft missile division, a reconnaissance company, an engineering company, a communications company, an anti-tank battery, a chemical protection platoon , repair company, material support company, orchestra, medical center. The number of personnel in the regiment ranges from 900 to 2000 people.

Brigade- just like a regiment, a brigade is the main tactical formation. Actually, the brigade occupies an intermediate position between a regiment and a division. The structure of a brigade is most often the same as a regiment, but there are significantly more battalions and other units in a brigade. So in a motorized rifle brigade there are one and a half to two times more motorized rifle and tank battalions than in a regiment. A brigade can also consist of two regiments, plus battalions and auxiliary companies. On average, the brigade has from 2 to 8 thousand people. The brigade commander, as well as the regiment, is a colonel.

Division- the main operational-tactical formation. Just like a regiment, it is named after the predominant branch of troops in it. However, the predominance of one or another type of troops is much less than in the regiment. A motorized rifle division and a tank division are identical in structure, with the only difference being that in a motorized rifle division there are two or three motorized rifle regiments and one tank, and in a tank division, on the contrary, there are two or three tank regiments and one motorized rifle. In addition to these main regiments, the division has one or two artillery regiments, one anti-aircraft missile regiment, a rocket battalion, a missile battalion, a helicopter squadron, an engineer battalion, a communications battalion, an automobile battalion, a reconnaissance battalion, an electronic warfare battalion, a logistics battalion, and a repair battalion. - a recovery battalion, a medical battalion, a chemical defense company and several different auxiliary companies and platoons. Divisions can be tank, motorized rifle, artillery, airborne, missile and aviation. In other branches of the military, as a rule, the highest formation is a regiment or brigade. On average, there are 12-24 thousand people in a division. Division commander, Major General.

Frame- just as a brigade is an intermediate formation between a regiment and a division, so a corps is an intermediate formation between a division and an army. The corps is a combined arms formation, that is, it usually lacks the characteristic of one type of force, although there may also be tank or artillery corps, that is, corps with a complete predominance of tank or artillery divisions in them. The combined arms corps is usually referred to as the "army corps". There is no single structure of buildings. Each time a corps is formed based on a specific military or military-political situation, and may consist of two or three divisions and a varying number of formations of other branches of the military. Usually a corps is created where it is not practical to create an army. It is impossible to talk about the structure and strength of the corps, because as many corps exist or existed, so many of their structures existed. Corps commander, Lieutenant General.

Army- This is a large military formation for operational purposes. The army includes divisions, regiments, battalions of all types of troops. Armies are usually no longer divided by branch of service, although tank armies may exist where tank divisions predominate. An army may also include one or more corps. It is impossible to talk about the structure and size of the army, because as many armies exist or existed, so many of their structures existed. The soldier at the head of the army is no longer called “commander”, but “commander of the army.” Usually the regular rank of army commander is colonel general. In peacetime, armies are rarely organized as military formations. Usually divisions, regiments, and battalions are directly included in the district.

Front (district)- This is the highest military formation of a strategic type. There are no larger formations. The name “front” is used only in wartime for a formation conducting combat operations. For such formations in peacetime, or located in the rear, the name “okrug” (military district) is used. The front includes several armies, corps, divisions, regiments, battalions of all types of troops. The composition and strength of the front may vary. Fronts are never subdivided by types of troops (i.e. there cannot be a tank front, an artillery front, etc.). At the head of the front (district) is the commander of the front (district) with the rank of army general.

Associations- these are military formations that include several smaller formations or associations, as well as units and institutions. Associations include an army, a flotilla, as well as a military district - a territorial combined arms association and a fleet - a naval association.

Military district is a territorial combined arms association of military units, formations, educational institutions, military institutions of various types and branches of the Armed Forces. The military district covers the territory of several constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Fleet is the highest operational formation of the Navy. District and fleet commanders direct their troops (forces) through the headquarters subordinate to them.

Connections are military formations consisting of several units or formations of a smaller composition, usually various branches of troops (forces), special troops (services), as well as support and service units (units). Formations include corps, divisions, brigades and other military formations equivalent to them. The word “connection” means to connect parts. The division headquarters has the status of a unit. Other units (regiments) are subordinate to this unit (headquarters). All together this is the division. However, in some cases, a brigade may also have the status of a connection. This happens if the brigade includes separate battalions and companies, each of which has the status of a unit in itself. In this case, the brigade headquarters, like the division headquarters, has the status of a unit, and battalions and companies, as independent units, are subordinate to the brigade headquarters.

Part is an organizationally independent combat and administrative-economic unit in all branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The term “unit” most often means regiment and brigade. In addition to the regiment and brigade, the units include division headquarters, corps headquarters, army headquarters, district headquarters, as well as other military organizations (voentorg, army hospital, garrison clinic, district food warehouse, district song and dance ensemble, garrison officers' house, garrison household goods services, central school of junior specialists, military institute, military school, etc.). Units can be ships of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd ranks, individual battalions (divisions, squadrons), as well as individual companies that are not part of battalions and regiments. Regiments, individual battalions, divisions and squadrons are awarded the Battle Banner, and Navy ships are awarded the Naval Flag.

Subdivision- all military formations that are part of the unit. Squad, platoon, company, battalion - they are all united by one word “unit”. The word comes from the concept of “division”, “divide” - a part is divided into subdivisions.

To organizations These include such structures supporting the life of the Armed Forces as military medical institutions, officers' houses, military museums, editorial offices of military publications, sanatoriums, rest homes, tourist centers, etc.

Rear of the Armed Forces designed to provide the Armed Forces with all types of materiel and maintain their reserves, prepare and operate communication routes, ensure military transportation, repair weapons and military equipment, provide medical care to the wounded and sick, carry out sanitary and hygienic and veterinary measures and perform a number of other logistics tasks provision. The rear of the Armed Forces includes arsenals, bases, and warehouses with supplies of materiel. It has special troops (automobile, railway, road, pipeline, engineering and airfield and others), as well as repair, medical, rear security and other units and units.

Quartering and arrangement of troops- activities of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation in the creation and engineering support of military infrastructure facilities, the cantonment of troops, the creation of conditions for the strategic deployment of the Armed Forces and the conduct of combat operations.

To troops not included in the types and branches of the Armed Forces, include Border Troops, Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Civil Defense Troops.

Border troops are intended to protect the state border, territorial sea, continental shelf and exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation, as well as to solve problems of protecting the biological resources of the territorial sea, continental shelf and exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation and exercising state control in this area. Organizationally, the Border Troops are part of the Russian FSB.

Their tasks also follow from the purpose of the Border Troops. This is the protection of the state border, territorial sea, continental shelf and exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation; protection of marine biological resources; protection of state borders of member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States on the basis of bilateral treaties (agreements); organizing the passage of persons, vehicles, cargo, goods and animals across the state border of the Russian Federation; intelligence, counterintelligence and operational-search activities in the interests of protecting the state border, territorial sea, continental shelf and exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation and protecting marine biological resources, as well as the state borders of member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States.

Internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia are intended to ensure the security of the individual, society and the state, to protect the rights and freedoms of citizens from criminal and other unlawful attacks.

The main tasks of the Internal Troops are: preventing and suppressing armed conflicts and actions directed against the integrity of the state; disarmament of illegal groups; compliance with the state of emergency; strengthening public order policing where necessary; ensuring the normal functioning of all government structures and legally elected authorities; protection of important government facilities, special cargo, etc.

One of the most important tasks of the internal troops is to participate, together with the Armed Forces, according to a single concept and plan, in the country’s territorial defense system.

Civil Defense Troops- these are military formations that own special equipment, weapons and property, designed to protect the population, material and cultural assets on the territory of the Russian Federation from dangers arising during the conduct of military operations or as a result of these actions. Organizationally, the Civil Defense Troops are part of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations.

In peacetime, the main tasks of the Civil Defense troops are: participation in events aimed at preventing emergency situations (emergency situations); training the population in ways to protect themselves from dangers arising during emergencies and as a result of military operations; carrying out work to localize and eliminate threats from emergencies that have already arisen; evacuation of the population, material and cultural assets from dangerous areas to safe areas; delivery and ensuring the safety of goods transported to the emergency zone as humanitarian aid, including to foreign countries; providing medical assistance to the affected population, providing them with food, water and basic necessities; fighting fires arising as a result of emergencies.

In wartime, Civil Defense troops solve problems related to the implementation of measures for the protection and survival of the civilian population: construction of shelters; carrying out activities on light and other types of camouflage; ensuring the entry of civil defense forces into hot spots, areas of contamination and contamination, and catastrophic flooding; fighting fires arising during military operations or as a result of these actions; detection and designation of areas subjected to radiation, chemical, biological and other contamination; maintaining order in areas affected by military operations or as a result of these actions; participation in the urgent restoration of the functioning of necessary communal facilities and other elements of the population support system, rear infrastructure - airfields, roads, crossings, etc.

http://www.grandars.ru/shkola/bezopasnost-zhiznedeyatelnosti/vooruzhennye-sily.html

Military-administrative division of the Russian Federation

The main military-administrative unit of the Russian Federation is the military district of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

From December 1, 2010 in Russia according to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 21, 2010 “On the military-administrative division of the Russian Federation”

Four military districts were formed:
Central Military District;
Southern Military District;
Western Military District;
Eastern Military District.

Western Military District

Western Military District (ZVO) formed in September 2010 in accordance with the decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 20, 2010 on the basis of two military districts - Moscow and Leningrad. The Western Military District also included the Northern and Baltic fleets and the 1st Air Force and Air Defense Command.

The history of the Leningrad Military District (LenVO) began on March 20, 1918, when the Petrograd Military District was formed. In 1924, it was renamed Leningradsky. In 1922, the district's troops took part in the defeat of the White Finnish detachments that invaded Karelia, and in 1939–1940. - in the Soviet-Finnish war. Moreover, at the first stage (before the creation of the North-Western Front), the leadership of combat operations in the war was carried out by the headquarters of the Leningrad Military District.

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the administration of the Leningrad Military District was transformed into the field administration of the Northern Front, which on August 23, 1941 was divided into the Karelian and Leningrad fronts. The field directorates of the Northern and then Leningrad fronts simultaneously continued to perform the functions of the military district directorate. The troops of the fronts fought bloody battles with German troops, defended Leningrad and participated in lifting its blockade.

After the end of the Great Patriotic War, the Leningrad Military District was re-formed. The field administration of the Leningrad Front participated in the formation of its administration. The troops were quickly transferred to peacetime status, after which they began systematic combat training. In 1968, for his great contribution to strengthening the power of the state and its armed defense, for success in combat training and in connection with the 50th anniversary of the Armed Forces of the USSR, the Leningrad Military District was awarded the Order of Lenin. Since May 1992, the troops of the Leningrad Military District became part of the newly created Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (RF Armed Forces).

The Moscow Military District (MMD) was formed on May 4, 1918. During the Civil War and military intervention in Russia (1917–1922), it trained personnel for all fronts and supplied the Red Army with various types of weapons and materiel. A large number of military academies, colleges, courses and schools operated on the territory of the Moscow Military District, which only in 1918–1919. about 11 thousand commanders were trained and sent to the fronts.

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, a field administration of the Southern Front was formed on the basis of the Moscow Military District, headed by the commander of the district troops, Army General I.V. Tyulenev. By order of the Supreme Command Headquarters of July 18, 1941, the headquarters of the Moscow Military District simultaneously became the headquarters of the front of the created Mozhaisk defense line. Along with this, the Moscow Military District carried out a lot of work on the formation and preparation of reserve formations and units for the active fronts. Also in Moscow, 16 divisions of the people's militia were formed, which included 160 thousand volunteers. After the defeat of the German troops near Moscow, the Moscow Military District continued to form and replenish formations and military units of all branches of the armed forces, supplying the active army with weapons, military equipment and other material resources.

In total, during the years of the Great Patriotic War, 3 front-line, 23 army and 11 corps departments, 128 divisions, 197 brigades were formed in the Moscow Military District, and 4,190 marching units with a total number of about 4.5 million people were sent to the active forces.

In the post-war years, elite military formations were stationed on the territory of the Moscow Military District, most of which bore honorary titles of guards. The district retained its importance as the most important source of mobilization resources and was a major training base for military command personnel. In 1968, for its great contribution to strengthening the defense power of the state and success in combat training, the district was awarded the Order of Lenin. After the collapse of the USSR, the MVO became part of the newly formed Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Currently, the troops and forces of the Western Military District are deployed within the administrative boundaries of three federal districts (Northwestern, Central and part of the Volga region) on the territory of 29 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The district headquarters is located in St. Petersburg, in the historical complex of the General Staff on Palace Square. The Western Military District is the very first district formed in the new system of military-administrative division of the Russian Federation.

The Western Military District troops include over 2.5 thousand formations and military units with a total number of more than 400 thousand military personnel, which is about 40% of the total number of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. All military formations of the branches and branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Armed Forces stationed in the district are subordinate to the commander of the Western Military District, with the exception of the Strategic Missile Forces and the Aerospace Defense Forces. In addition, military formations of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Border Troops of the FSB, as well as units of the Ministry of Emergency Situations and other ministries and departments of the Russian Federation performing tasks in the district are under its operational subordination.

Southern Military District

Southern Military District (SMD) formed on October 4, 2010 in accordance with the decree of the President of the Russian Federation (RF) of September 20, 2010 “On the military-administrative division of the Russian Federation” on the basis of the North Caucasus Military District (NCMD). It also included the Black Sea Fleet, the Caspian Flotilla and the 4th Air Force and Air Defense Command.

The North Caucasus Military District was established by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars on May 4, 1918 in the territories of the Stavropol, Black Sea, and Dagestan provinces, the regions of the Don, Kuban and Terek troops. By order of the Revolutionary Military Council (RMC) of the Southern Front dated October 3, 1918, the Red Army of the North Caucasus was renamed the 11th Army. In November 1919, on the basis of the cavalry corps, the 1st Cavalry Army was created under the command of S.M. Budyonny.

After the Civil War, in accordance with the order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic of May 4, 1921, the Caucasian Front was disbanded and the administration of the North Caucasus Military District was recreated with headquarters in Rostov-on-Don. During the years of military reform (1924–1928), a network of military educational institutions for training military personnel was created in the district. The troops received new types of weapons and equipment, which the personnel worked on mastering. In the pre-war years, the North Caucasus Military District was one of the most advanced military districts.

From the first days of the Great Patriotic War, soldiers of the 19th Army, formed in May-June 1941 from soldiers of the North Caucasian Military District, fought courageously and steadfastly against the Nazis. At the end of June - beginning of July, the 50th Kuban and 53rd Stavropol cavalry divisions were formed in a matter of days. In the second half of July, these formations became part of the Western Front. North Caucasus Military District became a forge of military personnel.

Since October 1941, the North Caucasian Military District administration was stationed in Armavir, and from July 1942 - in Ordzhonikidze (now Vladikavkaz) and prepared marching reinforcements for the active fronts. At the beginning of August of the same year, the North Caucasus Military District administration, together with the newly formed formations and units, was redeployed to the territory of Georgia in Dusheti and subordinated to the commander of the troops of the Transcaucasian Front. On August 20, 1942, the North Caucasian Military District was abolished, and its department was transformed into the department for the formation and staffing of the Transcaucasian Front.

The main events of the second half of 1942 and the first half of 1943 on the Soviet-German front unfolded within the territory of the North Caucasus Military District. Two great battles took place here: Stalingrad (July 17, 1942 - February 2, 1943) and for the Caucasus (July 25, 1942 - October 9, 1943).

After the end of the Great Patriotic War, when the army was transferred to a peaceful position, by order of the People's Commissar of Defense dated July 9, 1945, 3 military districts were created in the North Caucasus: Don, Stavropol and Kuban. The headquarters of the Don Military District, which in 1946 received its former name - North Caucasus, was located in Rostov-on-Don. Work has begun to reorganize and equip formations and military units and restore the destroyed infrastructure of the district. In 1968, for his great contribution to strengthening the defense power of the state and success in combat training, the North Caucasus Military District was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.

North Caucasian Military District troops played a decisive role in the defeat of illegal armed groups during the counter-terrorist operation in the North Caucasus. For their courage and heroism, 43 servicemen from the North Caucasus Military District became Heroes of the Russian Federation. In recognition of the merits of the military personnel of the district, by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation dated August 17, 2001 No. 367, heraldic symbols were established for the North Caucasus Military District: the standard of the commander of the North Caucasus Military District, the emblem of the North Caucasus Military District and the insignia of military personnel “For Service in the Caucasus.”

In August 2008, North Caucasus Military District troops took direct part in a 5-day operation to force Georgia to peace, quickly defeated the aggressor and saved the people of South Ossetia from genocide. For the courage and heroism shown during this operation, the title Hero of the Russian Federation was awarded to: Major Vetchinov Denis Vasilievich (posthumously), Lieutenant Colonel Timerman Konstantin Anatolyevich, Captain Yakovlev Yuri Pavlovich, Sergeant Mylnikov Sergei Andreevich. The commander of the North Caucasian Military District, Colonel General Sergei Makarov, was awarded the Order of St. George, 4th degree, and many of his subordinates for courage, bravery and dedication shown in the performance of military duty were awarded the Order of Courage, insignia - St. George's Crosses of the 4th degree and medals "For courage."

On February 1, 2009, Russian military bases were formed in the territories of the Republic of South Ossetia and the Republic of Abkhazia, which became part of the district.

Currently, troops and forces of the Southern Military District are deployed within the administrative boundaries of two federal districts (Southern and North Caucasian) on the territory of 12 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In addition, in accordance with international treaties, 4 military bases in the district are located outside the Russian Federation: in South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Armenia and Ukraine (Sevastopol). The district headquarters is located in Rostov-on-Don.

All military formations of the branches and branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, with the exception of the Strategic Missile Forces and the Aerospace Defense Forces, are subordinate to the commander of the Southern Military District troops. Its operational subordination also includes military formations of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Border Troops of the FSB, the Ministry of Emergency Situations and other ministries and departments of the Russian Federation, performing tasks in the territory of the district. The main task of the troops and forces of the Southern Military District is to ensure the military security of the southern borders of Russia.

Central Military District

Central Military District (CMD) formed on December 1, 2010 in accordance with the decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 20, 2010 “On the military-administrative division of the Russian Federation” on the basis of the Volga-Ural and part of the troops of the Siberian Military District. It also included the 2nd Air Force and Air Defense Command.

The history of the Russian army in the Volga region and the Urals goes back centuries, to the time of the annexation of the Kazan Khanate to Russia in 1552. In the 18th century, the first regiments and battalions of the regular Russian army appeared in the border fortresses of the Orenburg region and large cities of the Volga region, the Urals and Western Siberia.

However, the creation in Russia of the military district system as an integral part of military administration dates back to a later time - to the second half of the 19th century. During the military reform of 1855–1881. The territory of Russia was divided into 15 military districts, in which artillery, engineering, quartermaster and military medical departments were created.

During the Civil War and military intervention (1918–1922), the Supreme Military Council of the Russian Republic decided on March 31, 1918 to change the military-administrative division of the country. In May 1918, 6 military districts were created, including the Volga and Ural Military Districts (PriVO, UrVO). The Siberian Military District (SibVO) was formed on December 3, 1919 (in accordance with the order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation dated November 26, 1993, the historical date of its formation was restored - August 6, 1865).

After the end of the Civil War, PriVO troops took part in the elimination of banditry in the Astrakhan, Samara, Saratov, Tsaritsyn provinces and other regions of the country, and also fought against Basmachi formations in Central Asia.

The formation of the PriVO, Urals and Siberian Military Districts in the pre-war years took place under the conditions of technical re-equipment and organizational restructuring of the Red Army. The main efforts were concentrated on organizing the development of new weapons and equipment, training specialists, and improving the efficiency and quality of combat training. At the same time, the experience of military operations near the lake was taken into account. Khasan, on the river Khalkhin Gol and the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939–1940. A little later - in 1940–1941. A lot of work was done to deploy, train and send military units to the border military districts.

The Great Patriotic War (1941–1945) occupies a special place in the history of the Volga, Ural and Siberian military districts. In those years, more than 200 military educational institutions were stationed in the district territories, training more than 30% of the total number of command personnel of the active army. Here, more than 3 thousand associations, formations and military units were formed, trained and sent to the front, which took part in combat operations on almost all fronts and in all battles of the Great Patriotic War and the Second World War: in the defense of Moscow, Leningrad, Stalingrad, battles near Kursk, in the liberation of Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic states, deliverance from fascism of the peoples of Eastern Europe, the capture of Berlin, as well as in the defeat of the Kwantung Army of militaristic Japan.

After the end of the Great Patriotic War, military districts carried out a large volume of measures to receive troops returning from the front, carry out demobilization and transfer formations, units and institutions to peacetime states. The troops carried out planned combat training, and the training and material base was improved. Much attention was paid to the study and generalization of war experience, its implementation in the practice of combat training. In 1974, for their great contribution to strengthening the defense power of the states of the PriVO, Ural and Siberian Military Districts, they were awarded the Order of the Red Banner.

On September 1, 1989, the PriVO and UrVO were united into the Volga-Ural Military District (PUURVO) with headquarters in Samara. In Yekaterinburg, on the basis of the former headquarters of the Urals Military District, a combined arms army headquarters was created. In December 1992, the PUrVO was again divided into PriVO and UrVO, but in 2001 they were reunified.

Currently, the Central Military District troops are deployed within the administrative boundaries of three federal districts (Volga, Ural and Siberian) on the territory of 29 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. It also includes the 201st military base located in the Republic of Tajikistan. The headquarters of the Central Military District is located in Yekaterinburg.

All military formations of the branches and branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Armed Forces stationed in the district are subordinate to the commander of the Central Military District, with the exception of the Strategic Missile Forces and the Aerospace Defense Forces. Also under the operational subordination of the commander of the Central Military District are the military formations of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Border Troops of the FSB, the Ministry of Emergency Situations and other ministries and departments of the Russian Federation, performing tasks in the district.

Eastern Military District

Eastern Military District formed on December 1, 2010 in accordance with the decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 20, 2010 “On the military-administrative division of the Russian Federation” on the basis of the Far Eastern Military District (FMD) and part of the troops of the Siberian Military District (Siberian Military District). It also included the Pacific Fleet and the 3rd Air Force and Air Defense Command.

Until the mid-19th century, the Far East and Transbaikalia were part of the East Siberian General Government. In 1884, the Amur Governorate General was created (with its center in Khabarovsk), within whose borders until 1918 the Amur Military District (MD) was located.

On February 16, 1918, the regional commissariat of the Red Army was created in the city of Khabarovsk - the first central governing body of the armed forces of the Far East. After the start of open military intervention against Russia in the Far East and Far North in accordance with the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars (SNK) of May 4, 1918, within the borders of the Amur, Primorsky, Kamchatka regions and about. Sakhalin, the East Siberian Military District was established (with headquarters in Khabarovsk).

From September 1918 to March 1920, the armed struggle against the American-Japanese interventionists was carried out mainly in the form of guerrilla warfare. In February 1920, by decision of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, a buffer state was created - the Far Eastern Republic (FER) and its People's Revolutionary Army (PRA) was organized on the model of the Red Army.

On November 14, 1922, after the liberation of Khabarovsk and Vladivostok, the Far Eastern Republic was dissolved and the Far Eastern Region was formed. In this regard, the NRA was renamed the 5th Red Banner Army (with headquarters in Chita), and then (in June 1924) abolished. All troops and military institutions located in the Far East, by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, became part of the Siberian Military District.

In January 1926, instead of the Far Eastern Region, the Far Eastern Territory was formed. In July–August 1929, Chinese troops attacked the Chinese Eastern Railway, armed provocations began on the state border, and attacks on Soviet border outposts began. On August 6, 1929, to ensure the defense of the Primorsky, Khabarovsk territories and Transbaikalia, the Special Far Eastern Army (SDVA) was created by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR. For the successful completion of combat missions, valor and courage shown by soldiers and commanders in defending the Soviet Far Eastern borders, ODVA was awarded the Order of the Red Banner in January 1930 and became known as the Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army (OKDVA).

In 1931, the Primorsky Group was created from the troops located in Primorye. In the spring of 1932, the Transbaikal group was organized. In mid-May 1935, the Trans-Baikal Military District (ZabVO) was formed on the basis of the control of the Trans-Baikal Group of Forces OKDVA. On February 22, 1937, the Far East Air Force was organized.

In connection with the increasing threat of an attack from Japan, OKDVA was transformed into the Far Eastern Front (FEF) on July 1, 1938. In July–August 1938, a military conflict occurred near Lake Khasan. Formations and units of the 39th Rifle Corps took part in the hostilities.

After the events at the lake. Hassan control of the Far Eastern Fleet in August 1938 was disbanded and the 1st Separate Red Banner Army (OKA) (with headquarters in Ussuriysk) and the 2nd Separate Red Banner Army (with headquarters in Khabarovsk), as well as the Northern Army Group, were created directly subordinate to the NPO of the USSR . The 57th Special Rifle Corps was stationed on the territory of the Mongolian People's Republic (MPR).

In May–August 1939, troops of the Far East took part in battles near the Khalkhin Gol River. In June 1940, the field administration of the Far Eastern Fleet was created. At the end of June 1941, the front troops were put on high alert and began creating a deep, multi-echelon defense in the border zone. By October 1, 1941, in the main directions accessible to the enemy, the construction of field defenses was completed to the entire operational depth.

In 1941–1942, during the period of the greatest threat of attack from Japan, formations and units of the first echelon of the front occupied their defense areas. 50% of the personnel were on duty at night.

On April 5, 1945, the Soviet government denounced the neutrality pact with Japan. On July 28, 1945, the ultimatum of the United States, England and China to surrender was rejected by the Japanese government. By this time, the deployment of three fronts in the Far East had been completed: the 1st and 2nd Far Eastern and Transbaikal. The forces of the Pacific Fleet, the Red Banner Amur Flotilla, Border Troops and Air Defense Forces were involved in the operation.

On August 8, 1945, a statement by the Soviet government was published declaring a state of war with Japan from August 9. On the night of August 9, Soviet troops went on the offensive. At 17:00 on August 17, the command of the Japanese Kwantung Army gave its troops the order to surrender. On the morning of August 19, the mass surrender of Japanese military personnel began.

In September–October 1945, 3 military districts were formed on the territory of the Far East: on the basis of the Transbaikal Front - the Transbaikal-Amur Military District, on the basis of the 1st Far Eastern Fleet - the Primorsky Military District (PrimVO), on the basis of the 2nd Far Eastern Military District - the Far Eastern Military District military district (DVD).

In May 1947, on the basis of the administration of the Trans-Baikal-Amur Military District, the Directorate of the Main Command of the Far East Forces was formed with the subordination of the Far Eastern Military District, PrimVO, ZabVO (transformed from the Trans-Baikal-Amur Military District), the Pacific Fleet and the Amur Military Flotilla.

On April 23, 1953, the Far Eastern Military District was reorganized and a new district administration was formed on the basis of the administration of the Commander-in-Chief of Soviet Forces in the Far East (with headquarters in Khabarovsk).

On June 17, 1967, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a resolution on the transfer of the Far Eastern Military District through the succession of the Order of the Red Banner to the former OKDVA. On August 10, 1967 in Khabarovsk the order was attached to the Battle Banner of the district.

Currently, the troops and forces of the Eastern Military District (EMD) are deployed within the administrative boundaries of two federal districts (the Far Eastern and part of the Siberian) and the territories of 12 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The district headquarters is located in Khabarovsk.

All military formations of the branches and branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Armed Forces, with the exception of the Strategic Missile Forces and the Aerospace Defense Forces, are subordinate to the commander of the Eastern Military District troops. Its operational subordination also includes military formations of the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Border Troops of the FSB, the Ministry of Emergency Situations and other ministries and departments of the Russian Federation, performing tasks in the territory of the district. The main task of the troops and forces of the Eastern Military District is to ensure the military security of the Far Eastern borders of Russia.

Tasks of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

The changed foreign policy situation in recent years and new priorities in the field of national security have set completely different tasks for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (RF Armed Forces), which can be structured in four main areas:

Containment of military and military-political threats to security or attacks on the interests of the Russian Federation;

Protection of economic and political interests of the Russian Federation;

Carrying out power operations in peacetime;

Use of military force.

The peculiarities of the development of the military-political situation in the world determine the possibility of one task developing into another, since the most problematic military-political situations are complex and multifaceted in nature.

Containment of military and military-political threats to the security of the Russian Federation (attacks on the interests of the Russian Federation) means the following actions of the RF Armed Forces:

Timely identification of threatening developments in the military-political situation or preparations for an armed attack on the Russian Federation and (or) its allies;

Maintaining the state of combat and mobilization readiness of the country, strategic nuclear forces, forces and means ensuring their operation and use, as well as control systems in order, if necessary, to inflict specified damage on the aggressor;

Maintaining the combat potential and mobilization readiness of groups of general purpose troops (forces) at a level that ensures the reflection of aggression on a local scale;

Maintaining readiness for strategic deployment as the country transitions to wartime conditions;

Organization of territorial defense.

Ensuring the economic and political interests of the Russian Federation includes the following components:

Maintaining safe living conditions for Russian citizens in zones of armed conflicts and political or other instability;

Creating conditions for the security of economic activity of Russia or economic structures representing it;

Protection of national interests in territorial waters, on the continental shelf and in the exclusive economic zone of Russia, as well as in the World Ocean;

Conducting, by decision of the President of the Russian Federation, operations using the forces and means of the Armed Forces in regions that are the sphere of vital economic and political interests of the Russian Federation;

Organization and conduct of information warfare.

Force operations of the RF Armed Forces in peacetime are possible in the following cases:

Fulfillment by Russia of allied obligations in accordance with international treaties or other interstate agreements;

The fight against international terrorism, political extremism and separatism, as well as the prevention of sabotage and terrorist acts;

Partial or full strategic deployment, readiness and employment of nuclear deterrence;

Conducting peacekeeping operations as part of coalitions created within the framework of international organizations in which Russia is a member or has joined on a temporary basis;

Ensuring a state of military (emergency) regime in one or more constituent entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with decisions of the highest bodies of state power;

Protection of the state border of the Russian Federation in the airspace and underwater environment;

Enforcing the regime of international sanctions imposed on the basis of a decision of the UN Security Council;

Prevention of environmental disasters and other emergency situations, as well as liquidation of their consequences.

Military force is used directly to ensure the security of the country in the following cases:

Armed conflict;

Local war;

Regional War;

Large scale war.

Armed conflict– one of the forms of resolving political, national-ethnic, religious, territorial and other contradictions using means of armed struggle. Moreover, the conduct of such hostilities does not imply the transition of relations between the state (states) into a special state called war. In an armed conflict, the parties, as a rule, pursue private military-political goals. An armed conflict may result from an escalation of an armed incident, a border conflict, or other limited-scale clashes in which weapons are used to resolve differences. An armed conflict can be international in nature (involving two or more states) or internal in nature (involving armed confrontation within the territory of one state).

Local war is a war between two or more states, limited by political goals. Military actions are carried out, as a rule, within the borders of opposing states, and primarily affect the interests of only these states (territorial, economic, political and others). A local war can be waged by groups of troops (forces) deployed in the conflict area, with their possible strengthening through the transfer of additional forces and assets from other directions and the partial strategic deployment of armed forces. Under certain conditions, local wars can develop into a regional or large-scale war.

Regional war– is a war involving two or more states (groups of states) in the region. It is carried out by national or coalition armed forces using both conventional and nuclear weapons. During hostilities, the parties pursue important military-political goals. Regional wars take place on the territory limited by the boundaries of one region, as well as in the adjacent waters, airspace and space. To wage a regional war requires the full deployment of the armed forces and the economy, and high tension of all the forces of the participating states. If nuclear-weapon states or their allies participate in this war, there may be a threat of the use of nuclear weapons.

Large scale war is a war between coalitions of states or the largest states of the world community. It may result from the expansion of an armed conflict, local or regional war by involving a significant number of states. In a large-scale war, the parties will pursue radical military-political goals. It will require the mobilization of all available material resources and spiritual forces of the participating states.

Modern Russian military planning for the Armed Forces is based on a realistic understanding of Russia's available resources and capabilities.

In peacetime and in emergency situations, the RF Armed Forces, together with other troops, must be ready to repel an attack and defeat the aggressor, to conduct both defensive and offensive active actions in any variant of the outbreak and conduct of wars (armed conflicts). The RF Armed Forces must be able to successfully solve problems simultaneously in two armed conflicts without additional mobilization measures. In addition, the RF Armed Forces must carry out peacekeeping operations - independently and as part of multinational contingents.

In the event of an aggravation of the military-political and military-strategic situation, the Russian Armed Forces must ensure the strategic deployment of troops and contain the aggravation of the situation through strategic deterrence forces and constant readiness forces.

Missions of the Armed Forces in wartime– to repel the enemy’s aerospace attack with available forces, and after a full-scale strategic deployment, solve problems simultaneously in two local wars.

The Armed Forces consist of:

* three types of Armed Forces (Ground Forces, Air Force, Navy),

* three branches of the military (Space Forces, Strategic Missile Forces, Airborne Forces),

* Logistics of the Armed Forces (an integral part of the armed forces; a set of military formations, units, divisions, institutions providing logistics support and technical support for troops and naval forces for logistics services),

* Cantonment and Arrangement Services of the Ministry of Defense (a military command body, a structural unit of the Russian Ministry of Defense, intended for the creation and engineering support of military infrastructure facilities, the cantonment of troops, creating conditions for the strategic deployment of the Armed Forces and the conduct of combat operations),

* railway troops,

* and other troops not included in the branches of the Armed Forces.

13. Composition, purpose of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

The purpose of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in accordance with the Federal Law "On Defense":

Reflecting aggression directed against the Russian Federation

Armed defense of the integrity and inviolability of the territory of the Russian Federation

Performing tasks in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation

The Russian Armed Forces include the ground forces, air force, navy, as well as such individual branches of the military as space and airborne troops and the Strategic Missile Forces; central bodies of military command, associations, formations, military units and organizations that are included in the branches and branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, in the rear of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and in troops that are not included in the branches and branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation; number about a million personnel, are distinguished by the presence of a large arsenal of nuclear weapons and a well-developed system of means of delivering them to targets.

14. Leadership and management of the Russian Armed Forces

The Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the President of the Russian Federation (Part 1, Article 87 of the Russian Constitution).

In the event of aggression against the Russian Federation or an immediate threat of aggression, he introduces martial law on the territory of the Russian Federation or in certain localities in order to create conditions for its reflection or prevention, with immediate notification of this to the Federation Council and the State Duma for approval of the corresponding decree (regime martial law is determined by federal constitutional law of January 30, 2002 No. 1-FKZ “On martial law”). To resolve the issue of the possibility of using the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation outside the territory of the Russian Federation, a corresponding resolution of the Federation Council is necessary.

The President of Russia also forms and heads the Security Council of the Russian Federation (clause “g” of Article 83 of the Constitution); approves the military doctrine of the Russian Federation (clause “z” of Article 83); appoints and dismisses the high command of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (clause “l” of Article 83).

Direct leadership of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (except for civil defense troops, border and internal troops) is exercised by the Russian Ministry of Defense.

15. Who belongs to citizens with military status?

* officers, warrant officers and midshipmen, cadets of military educational institutions of vocational education, sergeants and foremen, soldiers and sailors performing military service under a contract (hereinafter referred to as military personnel performing military service under a contract);

* officers called up for military service in accordance with the decree of the President of the Russian Federation;

* sergeants, foremen, soldiers and sailors undergoing military service under conscription, cadets of military educational institutions of vocational education before concluding a contract with them (hereinafter referred to as military personnel undergoing military service under conscription).

Officers called up for military service in accordance with the decree of the President of the Russian Federation are equal in their legal status to officers undergoing military service under a contract, unless otherwise provided by federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.

The terms of the contract for military service are determined by federal constitutional laws, federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation. Citizens acquire the status of military personnel with the beginning of military service and lose it with the end of military service.

The Federation consists of different troops (missile, ground, aerospace, etc.), and together they represent an organization for organizing the defense of the country. Their main task is to repel aggression and protect the territorial integrity of the state, but recently the tasks have changed slightly.

Containing not only military but also political security threats.
Carrying out power operations in non-wartime.
Ensuring the political and economic interests of the state.
Using force to ensure safety.

In life safety lessons, the composition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is studied in grades 10-11. Therefore, this information should be known to all citizens of the Russian Federation.

A little history

The modern composition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation owes its history. It was formed depending on possible acts of aggression against the state. The most significant stage in the history of the development of the army is the victory on the Kulikovo Field (1380), near Poltava (1709) and, of course, in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.

The standing army in Russia was formed under Ivan the Terrible. It was he who began to create troops with centralized control and supply. In 1862-1874, a reform was carried out with the introduction of all-class military service, the principles of leadership were also changed, and technical re-equipment was carried out. However, after the revolution in 1917, the army disappeared. Instead, the Red Army was formed, and then the USSR, which were divided into 3 types: land, air force and navy.

Today, the composition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation has changed slightly, but the basic core remains the same.

Ground troops

This species is the most numerous. It was created for a presence on land and, by and large, ground forces are the most important element of the army. It is impossible to seize and hold territories without this type of troops, to repel a landing invasion, etc. It is for these purposes that such units were created. In turn, they are divided into the following types:

Tank forces.
Motorized rifle.
Artillery.
Missile forces and air defense.
Special services.
Signal Corps.

The largest personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation includes the ground forces. This includes all types of military units listed above.

Tank (armored) troops. They represent the main striking force on earth and are an extremely powerful means for solving problems of primary importance.

Motorized rifle troops are units with a large number of personnel and equipment. Their purpose is to independently conduct combat operations over a large territory, although they can act as support as part of other branches of the military.

Artillery and missile units always consist of formations, tactical missile units, and artillery.

Air defense - troops providing protection to ground units and the rear from attacks from aircraft and other means of attack from the air. Special services perform highly specialized functions.

Military space forces

They existed until 1997, but the Presidential Decree of July 16, 1997 obligated the creation of a new type of aircraft. Since that time, the composition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation has changed somewhat: the Air Force and space defense units have merged. This is how the Aerospace Forces were formed.

They are engaged in reconnaissance of the aerospace situation, determining the likely start of an air or missile attack and alerting military and government authorities about it. It goes without saying that the Russian Aerospace Forces are called upon, among other things, to repel aggression from the air or from space, even, if necessary, with the use of nuclear weapons.

Composition of the VKS

Modern Russian Aerospace Forces include:

Space Forces.
Air and Missile Defense Troops.
Military technical support units.
Signal troops and electronic warfare.
Military educational institutions.

Each type of military has its own range of tasks. The Air Force, for example, repels aggression in the air, hitting enemy targets and troops using conventional and nuclear weapons.

The Space Force monitors objects in space and identifies threats to Russia from airless space. If necessary, they can parry possible blows. Also, the space forces are responsible for launching spacecraft (satellites) into Earth orbit and controlling them.

Fleet

The Navy is intended to protect the state from the sea and ocean, to protect the country's interests in maritime areas. The Navy consists of:

Four fleets: Black Sea, Baltic, Pacific and Northern.
Caspian flotilla.
Submarine forces, which are designed to destroy enemy boats, strike surface ships and their groups, and destroy ground targets.
Surface forces for attacks on submarines, amphibious landings, and counteraction to surface ships.
Naval aviation to destroy convoys, submarine flotillas, ship groups, and disrupt enemy surveillance systems.
Coastal troops, which are entrusted with the task of defending the coast and objects on the coast.

Rocket Forces

The composition and organization of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation also include missile forces, which may contain ground, air, and water components. primarily intended to destroy nuclear attack weapons, as well as enemy groups. In particular, the main targets of the strategic missile forces are enemy military bases, industrial facilities, large groups, command and control systems, infrastructure facilities, etc.

The main and important property of the Strategic Missile Forces is the ability to accurately strike with nuclear weapons over vast distances (ideally, anywhere on the planet) and simultaneously against all important strategic targets. They are also designed to create favorable conditions for other branches of the Armed Forces. If we talk about the organization of the Strategic Missile Forces, they consist of units that are armed with medium-range missiles and units with intercontinental missiles.

The very first unit was formed on July 15, 1946. Already in 1947, the first successful test launch of the R-1 (ballistic) guided missile was carried out. By 1955, there were already several units that possessed long-range missiles. But literally 2 years later they tested an intercontinental one with several stages. It is noteworthy that it was the first in the world. After the test of the intercontinental missile, the opportunity arose to create a new branch of the military - strategic. This logical step followed, and in 1960 another branch of the Armed Forces was organized - the Strategic Missile Forces.

Long-range or strategic aviation

We have already talked about the Aerospace Forces, but we have not yet touched upon such a branch of troops as long-range aviation. It deserves a separate chapter. The structure and composition of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation includes strategic bombers. It is noteworthy that only two countries in the world have them - the USA and Russia. Together with intercontinental missiles and missile submarines, strategic bombers are part of the nuclear triad and are primarily responsible for the security of the state.

The composition and tasks of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, in particular long-range aviation, is to bomb important military-industrial facilities behind enemy lines, destroying its infrastructure and large concentrations of troops and military bases. The targets of these aircraft are power plants, factories, bridges, and entire cities.

Such aircraft are called strategic bombers because of their ability to make intercontinental flights and use nuclear weapons. Some types of aircraft can use it, but are unable to fly intercontinentally. They are called long-range bombers.

A few words about TU-160 - "White Swan"

Speaking about long-range aviation, one cannot fail to mention the TU-160 missile carrier with variable wing geometry. In history, it is the largest, most powerful and heaviest supersonic aircraft. Its feature is a swept wing. Among existing strategic bombers, it has the largest take-off weight and combat load. The pilots gave him the nickname “White Swan”.

Armament of TU-160

The aircraft is capable of carrying up to 40 tons of weapons, including various types of guided missiles, free-fall bombs and nuclear weapons. The White Swan bombs are unofficially called “second-stage weapons,” that is, they are intended to destroy targets that survived a missile strike. Its huge arsenal is capable of carrying a TU-160 aircraft, which is why its strategic status is fully justified.

In total, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation include 76 such bombers. But this information is constantly changing due to the decommissioning of old aircraft and the acceptance of new aircraft.

We have described the main points regarding the purpose and composition of the Russian Federation, but in fact the armed forces are an extremely complex structure that is understood from the inside only by specialists directly associated with it.

The armed forces in any state are a key element in ensuring the country's defense capability. Their proper management depends on their proper organization. The structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation ensures the rapid and correct performance of the functions assigned by law to the state military organization of the country.

Structure of the RF Armed Forces

The Armed Forces are a military organization of the Russian Federation, the main function of which is to repel military aggression in order to ensure territorial integrity, as well as perform tasks in accordance with Russia’s international obligations. The RF Armed Forces were created on May 7, 1992. The Supreme Commander-in-Chief is the President of the Russian Federation. In accordance with the Presidential Decree of 2008, the strength of the Russian Armed Forces is set at 2,019,629 people, of which 1.3 million are military personnel.

Organizationally, the Armed Forces consist of three services, three separate branches of the military, the Logistics Service, as well as the Quartering Service, which is not a branch of the Armed Forces. In addition, the structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation was created on a territorial principle: the territory of the Russian Federation is divided into 4 military districts.

Territorial structure

Today in the Russian Federation there are four military districts, which are assumed by the territorial structure of the Armed Forces:

Western Military District. The command and headquarters are located in St. Petersburg.
Eastern Military District. The command and headquarters are located in Khabarovsk.
Central Military District. The command and headquarters are located in Yekaterinburg.
Southern Military District. The command and headquarters are located in Rostov-on-Don.

The structure of the armed forces of the Russian Federation in the diagram:

Types of aircraft

The main element of the Armed Forces are the types of armed forces. In the Russian military department, the law establishes the presence of three types of armed forces: the Air Force, the Ground Forces and the Navy.

Today, the Ground Forces are the largest branch of the Russian armed forces. Their main function is to conduct offensive actions, the purpose of which is to defeat the enemy, seize and retain his territory, individual areas and borders, repulse the invasion of the enemy’s country and his large landings, and deliver artillery and missile strikes to great depths. In turn, the Ground Forces are organizationally composed of military branches. These types of troops can perform tasks independently or jointly.

Motorized Rifle Troops (MSV)- the most numerous branch of troops in the Ground Forces. They are also the most numerous branch of the military. Today, the motorized rifle troops are armed with armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles, which should ensure the mobility of the infantry. MRFs are organizationally composed of motorized rifle subunits, units and formations.

Motorized rifle, tank, artillery and other units and units may be part of the MRF.

Tank troops (TV)- the main striking force, characterized by high mobility, maneuverability and resistance to weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear ones. The main tasks, based on the technical equipment of TV: achieving a breakthrough, developing operational success. Artillery, motorized rifle, missile, and tank units and subunits can operate as part of a TV.

Missile Forces and Artillery (RF&A): nuclear and fire destruction of the enemy is the main task. It is armed with rocket and cannon artillery. The MFA includes subunits, units and formations of howitzer, rocket, cannon, anti-tank artillery, as well as structural elements of support, command and control, mortars and artillery reconnaissance.

Air Defense Forces of the Ground Forces (Air Defense Forces)- this branch of the military must ensure protection of the Ground Forces from air strikes, as well as countering enemy aerial reconnaissance. Towed, mobile, man-portable anti-aircraft gun systems and anti-aircraft missile systems are in service with the Air Defense Forces.

Also, the organizational structure of the Armed Forces presupposes the presence in the Armed Forces of special troops and services that perform highly specialized tasks in order to ensure the daily and combat activities of the ground forces.

Signal Corps,
Electronic warfare troops,
Corps of Engineers,
Automobile troops,
Railway troops, etc.

are special troops.

Air Force

Air Force similarly, the Ground Forces consist of branches of aviation that ensure the implementation of the tasks assigned to the Air Force.

Long-Range Aviation designed to strike and defeat enemy military groups in the strategic and operational depths, their economically and strategically important areas, including with the help of nuclear weapons.

Frontline aviation operates at operational depth. It can perform tasks both independently and during joint operations on land and at sea.

Army aviation provides support to ground forces by destroying enemy armored and mobile targets. Also, Army Aviation forces provide mobility for the Ground Forces.

Military transport aviation carries out the transportation of cargo, troops and equipment, and is also involved in military air operations. In peacetime, the main function is to ensure the functioning of the Armed Forces, and in wartime, the mobility of the armed forces.

The structure of the armed forces of the Russian Federation assumes the presence of Air Force Special Aviation, Anti-aircraft missile forces And Radio technical troops, which significantly expand the range of tasks assigned to the Air Force.

Navy

Navy- the main force of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation to protect the interests of Russia in the Exclusive Maritime (Economic) Zone, conduct search and rescue operations, as well as conduct combat operations at sea.

The Navy includes:

Submarine Forces,
Surface Forces,
Coastal troops,
Naval aviation,
parts and connections for special purposes.

The Navy is also organizationally divided into:

Baltic Fleet,
Black Sea Fleet,
Northern Fleet,
Pacific Fleet,
Caspian flotilla.

Independent branches of the military

Some tasks require special equipment and trained personnel. The structure of the Armed Forces presupposes the presence of independent branches of the armed forces:

Airborne troops;
Strategic Missile Forces;
Aerospace Defense Forces.

Aerospace Defense Forces

The youngest branch of the military. Although our country began space exploration back in the 1960s, it was only in the 21st century that the Aerospace Defense Forces were separated into a separate branch of the military from the Strategic Missile Forces.

The most important tasks are:

detection of a missile strike;
control of a constellation of spacecraft;
missile defense of the Russian capital.

Strategic Missile Forces

Today they are the main ground component of Russia's nuclear forces. The main function is considered to be deterrence of possible aggression. But if necessary, they can deliver a preemptive strike on important economic and military targets of the enemy, as well as the destruction of his military groups.

Airborne troops

They were created back in the 1930s. Today, they are entrusted with the function of conducting landing operations and conducting combat operations behind enemy lines.

The basis of any country's defense is its people. The course and outcome of most wars and armed conflicts depended on their patriotism, dedication and dedication.

The composition and organizational structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the system of recruitment and management of them, military duty will be discussed in this section.

Composition and organizational structure of the Russian armed forces

The Armed Forces can also be involved in solving problems that are not related to their main purpose, but affect the national interests of Russia. Such tasks could be:

participation together with internal troops and law enforcement agencies in the fight against organized crime, in protecting the rights and freedoms of Russian citizens;
ensuring collective security of the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States;
carrying out peacekeeping missions both in the near and far abroad, etc.

These and other complex tasks are carried out by Russian troops in a certain composition and organizational structure (Fig. 2).

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation consist of central military command bodies, associations, formations, units, divisions and organizations that are included in the branches and branches of the Armed Forces, in the rear of the Armed Forces and in troops not included in the branches and branches of the armed forces.

TO central authorities include the Ministry of Defense, the General Staff, as well as a number of departments in charge of certain functions and subordinate to certain deputy ministers of defense or directly to the minister of defense. In addition, the central command bodies include the Main Commands of the Armed Forces.

Each branch of the Armed Forces consists of combat arms (forces), special troops and logistics.

Branch of the military

Under branch of the army is understood as a part of the branch of the Armed Forces, distinguished by basic weapons, technical equipment, organizational structure, nature of training and ability to perform specific combat missions. In addition, there are independent branches of the military. In the Russian Armed Forces these are the Strategic Missile Forces, Space Forces and Airborne Forces.

Rice. 1. Structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

Associations- these are military formations that include several smaller formations or associations, as well as units and institutions. Associations include the army, flotilla, as well as the military district - a territorial combined arms association and the fleet - a naval association.

Fleet is the highest operational formation. District and fleet commanders direct their troops (forces) through the headquarters subordinate to them.

TO organizations These include such structures supporting the life of the Armed Forces as military medical institutions, officers' houses, military museums, editorial offices of military publications, sanatoriums, rest homes, tourist centers, etc.

Quartering and arrangement of troops— activities of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation in the creation and engineering support of military infrastructure facilities, the cantonment of troops, the creation of conditions for the strategic deployment of the Armed Forces and the conduct of combat operations.

Troops that are not included in the branches and branches of the Armed Forces include the Border Troops, the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, and the Civil Defense Troops.

Internal troops Ministry of Internal Affairs Russia are intended to ensure the security of the individual, society and the state, to protect the rights and freedoms of citizens from criminal and other unlawful attacks.

One of the most important tasks of the internal troops is to participate, together with the Armed Forces, according to a single concept and plan, in the country’s territorial defense system.

Armed Forces Leadership and Control System

The general management of the Armed Forces (and other military formations and bodies) of the Russian Federation is carried out by Supreme Commander-in-Chief. According to the Constitution and the Law “On Defense” it is President of Russia.

Exercising your powers. The President determines the main directions of the military policy of the Russian Federation, among which the most important place is occupied by the problems of creating, strengthening and improving the military organization, technical equipment of the Armed Forces, determining the prospects for the development of military equipment, and the mobilization capabilities of the state. It approves the military doctrine of the Russian Federation, concepts and plans for the construction and development of the Armed Forces, other troops and military formations, the plan for the use of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the mobilization plan of the Armed Forces, which determines the procedure for the work of state authorities of Russia, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government and the country's economy in wartime. In conditions of peace, the Federal State Program for the operational equipment of the territory of the Russian Federation is being prepared and approved by the President; it is planned to create reserves of material assets of state and mobilization reserves. In addition, the President approves the Regulations on Territorial Defense and the Civil Defense Plan.

The President of the Russian Federation approves federal state programs for armament and development of the defense industrial complex. The President of the country also approves plans for the placement on the territory of the Russian Federation of facilities with nuclear charges, as well as facilities for the elimination of weapons of mass destruction and nuclear waste. He also approves all nuclear and other special testing programs.

Carrying out direct control of the Armed Forces, he approves the structure and composition of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations up to and including unification, as well as the staffing level of military personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies.

The most important documents, such as general military regulations, regulations on the Battle Banner of a military unit, the Naval flag, the procedure for military service, military councils, military commissariats, are approved by the President of the Russian Federation and represent the laws of army and naval life.

Twice a year, the President issues decrees on, as well as on the dismissal from military service of military personnel serving under conscription.

As the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, the President of the country, in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation on martial law, enacts and terminates wartime regulatory legal acts, forms and abolishes executive authorities for the period of wartime in accordance with the federal constitutional law on martial law. In the event of aggression against Russia or an immediate threat of aggression, the President of the Russian Federation issues a Decree on the introduction of martial law. It can be introduced throughout the entire country or in individual areas that have been attacked, threatened with attack, or that are of particular importance for the defense of the country. By introducing martial law, the President vests special powers in government bodies, local governments and organizations. When martial law is introduced, special military command bodies may be created, whose power extends to civilians. All bodies and officials are instructed to assist the military command in the use of forces and means of a given territory for defense, ensuring security and order. Some constitutional rights of citizens may be limited (for example, freedom of assembly, demonstration, freedom of the press).

When martial law is introduced, the President of the Russian Federation immediately informs the Federation Council and the State Duma about this. The Presidential decree on the introduction of martial law must be approved by the Federation Council.

The President of the Russian Federation, in accordance with federal laws, has the right to make a decision on involving the Armed Forces, other troops and military formations in carrying out tasks using weapons not intended for their intended purpose.

The President of Russia forms and heads the Security Council of the Russian Federation. Its main functions are the development of proposals to ensure the protection of the constitutional system, state sovereignty, territorial integrity of the country, and participation together with other bodies in the development of the military policy of the Russian Federation.

Thus, fulfilling his constitutional duties and tasks assigned to him by the Federal Law "On Defense", the President of the Russian Federation - Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces ensures the country's preparation to repel possible aggression, manages all aspects of the process of maintaining the Russian army and navy in a combat-ready state appropriate country level.

Powers of the Federation Council and State Duma in the field of defense

In the Russian Federation, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the representative and legislative body is the Federal Assembly, which consists of two chambers - the Federation Council and the State Duma. The Constitution and the Law “On Defense” clearly define the powers of the Federal Assembly in the field of defense.

Council of the Federation is the upper house of the Federal Assembly and acts as a body of representation of the constituent entities of the Federation. His jurisdiction includes the approval of decrees of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of martial law and a state of emergency, as well as on the involvement of the Armed Forces, other troops, military formations and bodies using weapons in carrying out tasks not for their intended purpose, resolving the issue of the possibility of using the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation outside territory of the Russian Federation. The Federation Council considers defense expenditures established by federal laws on the federal budget adopted by the State Duma, as well as federal laws in the field of defense adopted by the State Duma.

The State Duma is a representative body of the entire population of the Russian Federation and consists of deputies elected by citizens of the Russian Federation on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot.

The State Duma considers defense expenditures established by federal laws on the federal budget; adopts federal laws in the field of defense, thereby regulating various aspects of activities related to the organization of defense and military development.

In addition to these powers, the Federation Council and the State Duma exercise parliamentary control in this area through their committees on security and defense.

Government of the Russian Federation- one of the main bodies for exercising state power in the Russian Federation. It heads the system of federal executive authorities.

In accordance with Article 114 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation takes measures to ensure the country's defense and security. The content of government activities in this area is formulated in more detail in the Law of the Russian Federation “On Defense”. According to this law, the government: develops and submits to the State Duma proposals for defense spending in the federal budget; organizes the supply of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation with materiel, energy and other resources and services according to their orders; organizes the development and implementation of state weapons programs and the development of the defense industrial complex;

determines the conditions for the financial and economic activities of organizations of the Armed Forces; organizes the development of the Federal State Program for the operational equipment of the country's territory for defense purposes and takes measures to implement this program; determines the organization, tasks and carries out general planning of civil and territorial defense; organizes control over the export of weapons and military equipment, strategic materials, technologies and dual-use products, etc.

Direct leadership of the Russian Armed Forces is exercised by the Minister of Defense through the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Minister of Defense is the direct superior of all personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and bears personal responsibility for the implementation of the tasks assigned to the ministry. On the most important issues of the life and activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, he issues orders and directives, and also enacts regulations, instructions, and other legal acts regulating various issues of life, everyday life and activities of the troops. The Minister of Defense manages the Armed Forces through the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff of the Russian Federation.

Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation participates in the preparation of proposals on issues of military policy and the military doctrine of the Russian Federation, develops a concept for the construction of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. It is preparing the Federal State Program for Armament and the Development of Military Equipment, as well as proposals for the state defense order and defense spending in the draft federal budget. Coordination and financing of work carried out for defense purposes are important; organization of scientific research, ordering and financing the production and purchase of weapons and military equipment, food, clothing and other property, material and other resources for the Armed Forces. The Ministry cooperates with the military departments of foreign states, and also exercises a number of other powers.

The main body for the operational control of troops and fleet forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is General base. He develops proposals for the military doctrine of Russia, a plan for the construction of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and coordinates the development of proposals for the size of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies.

The General Staff is also preparing a plan for the use and mobilization of the Armed Forces and the Federal State Program for the operational equipment of the country's territory for defense purposes. It establishes quantitative standards for conscription for military service, military training, and carries out analysis and coordination of military registration activities in the country, preparing citizens for military service and their conscription for military service and military training. For the purposes of defense and security, the General Staff organizes intelligence activities, measures to maintain the combat and mobilization readiness of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, etc.

The structure of the central apparatus of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation includes a number of main and central departments in charge of certain functions and subordinate to certain deputy ministers of defense or directly to the minister of defense. In addition, the central bodies of the Ministry of Defense (MoD) of the Russian Federation include the Main Commands of the branches of the Armed Forces (AF) of the Russian Federation. Structurally, the Main Command of a branch of the RF Armed Forces consists of the Main Staff, directorates, departments and services. At the head of the branch of the Armed Forces is the Commander-in-Chief. He is appointed by the President of the Russian Federation and reports directly to the Minister of Defense.

The military district directorate includes: military district headquarters, directorates, departments, services and other structural units. The military district is headed by the commander of the military district troops.

The management structure of a separate military unit and the main responsibilities of its officials are determined by the Charter of the Internal Service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.