Chronology

• 1605 - 1606 Reign of False Dmitry I.
• 1606 - 1607 Uprising led by I.I. Bolotnikov.
• 1606 - 1610 The reign of Vasily Shuisky.
• 1610 “Seven Boyars”.
• 1612 Liberation of Moscow from invaders.
• 1613 Election of Mikhail Romanov to the throne by the Zemsky Sobor.

Time of Troubles in Russia

The Troubles in Russia at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries became a shock that shook the very foundations of the state system. Three periods can be distinguished in the development of the Troubles. The first period is dynastic. This was the time of struggle for the Moscow throne between various contenders, which lasted up to and including Tsar Vasily Shuisky. The second period is social. It is characterized by the internecine struggle of social classes and the intervention of foreign governments in this struggle. The third period is national. It covers the time of the struggle of the Russian people against foreign invaders until the election of Mikhail Romanov as Tsar.

After death in 1584 g. , his son succeeded him Fedor, incapable of governing affairs. “The dynasty was dying out in his person,” noted the English ambassador Fletcher. “What kind of king I am, it’s not difficult to confuse me or deceive me in any matter,” is a sacramental phrase put into the mouth of Fyodor Ioannovich A.K. Tolstoy. The actual ruler of the state was the tsar's brother-in-law, boyar Boris Godunov, who endured a fierce struggle with the largest boyars for influence on state affairs. After death in 1598 g. Fyodor, the Zemsky Sobor elected Godunov as tsar.

Boris Godunov was an energetic and intelligent statesman. In conditions of economic devastation and a difficult international situation, he solemnly promised on the day of his crowning of the kingdom, “that there will not be a poor person in his state, and he is ready to share his last shirt with everyone.” But the elected king did not have the authority and advantage of a hereditary monarch, and this could call into question the legitimacy of his presence on the throne.

Godunov's government reduced taxes, exempted merchants from paying duties for two years, and landowners from paying taxes for a year. The tsar started a large construction project and took care of educating the country. The patriarchate was established, which increased the rank and prestige of the Russian church. He also pursued a successful foreign policy—further advances into Siberia took place, the southern regions of the country were developed, and Russian positions in the Caucasus were strengthened.

At the same time, the internal situation of the country under Boris Godunov remained very difficult. In conditions of unprecedented crop failure and famine in 1601-1603. the economy collapsed, hundreds of thousands of people died of hunger, the price of bread rose 100 times. The government took the path of further enslavement of the peasantry. this caused a protest from the broad masses, who directly linked the deterioration of their situation with the name of Boris Godunov.

The aggravation of the internal political situation led, in turn, to a sharp decline in Godunov’s prestige not only among the masses, but also among the boyars.

The biggest threat to B. Godunov’s power was the appearance in Poland of an impostor who declared himself the son of Ivan the Terrible. The fact is that in 1591, under unclear circumstances, the last of the direct heirs to the throne died in Uglich, allegedly running into a knife in a fit of epilepsy. Tsarevich Dmitry. Godunov’s political opponents accused him of organizing the murder of the prince in order to seize power; popular rumor picked up these accusations. However, historians do not have convincing documents that would prove Godunov’s guilt.

It was under such conditions that he appeared in Rus' False Dmitry. This young man named Grigory Otrepiev introduced himself as Dmitry, using rumors that Tsarevich Dmitry was alive, “miraculously saved” in Uglich. The impostor's agents vigorously disseminated in Russia the version of his miraculous salvation from the hands of assassins sent by Godunov, and proved the legality of his right to the throne. Polish magnates provided some assistance in organizing the adventure. As a result, by the autumn of 1604, a powerful army was formed for a campaign against Moscow.

The beginning of the Troubles

Taking advantage of the current situation in Rus', its disunity and instability, False Dmitry with a small detachment crossed the Dnieper near Chernigov.

He managed to attract to his side a huge mass of the Russian population, who believed that he was the son of Ivan the Terrible. False Dmitry's forces grew rapidly, cities opened their gates to him, peasants and townspeople joined his troops. False Dmitry moved on the wave of the outbreak of the peasant war. After the death of Boris Godunov in 1605 g. The governors also began to go over to the side of False Dmitry, and at the beginning of June Moscow also took his side.

According to V.O. Klyuchevsky, the impostor “was baked in a Polish oven, but hatched among the boyars.” Without the support of the boyars, he had no chance of winning the Russian throne. On June 1, on Red Square, the impostor’s letters were announced, in which he called Godunov a traitor, and promised “honor and promotion” to the boyars, “mercy” to the nobles and clerks, benefits to merchants, “silence” to the people. The critical moment came when people asked boyar Vasily Shuisky whether the prince was buried in Uglich (it was Shuisky who headed the state commission to investigate the death of Tsarevich Dmitry in 1591 and then confirmed his death from epilepsy). Now Shuisky claimed that the prince had escaped. After these words, the crowd broke into the Kremlin and destroyed the houses of the Godunovs and their relatives. On June 20, False Dmitry solemnly entered Moscow.

It turned out to be easier to sit on the throne than to stay on it. To strengthen his position, False Dmitry confirmed the serfdom legislation, which caused discontent among the peasants.

But, first of all, the tsar did not live up to the expectations of the boyars because he acted too independently. May 17, 1606. The boyars led the people to the Kremlin shouting “The Poles are beating the boyars and the sovereign,” and in the end False Dmitry was killed. Vasily Ivanovich ascended the throne Shuisky. The condition for his accession to the Russian throne was the limitation of power. He vowed “not to do anything without the Council,” and this was the first experience of building a state order on the basis of a formal restrictions on supreme power. But the situation in the country did not normalize.

The second stage of the turmoil

Begins second stage of the turmoil- social, when the nobility, metropolitan and provincial, clerks, clerks, and Cossacks enter the struggle. However, first of all, this period is characterized by a wide wave of peasant uprisings.

In the summer of 1606, the masses had a leader - Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov. The forces gathered under the banner of Bolotnikov were a complex conglomerate, consisting of different layers. There were Cossacks, peasants, serfs, townspeople, many service people, small and medium-sized feudal lords. In July 1606, Bolotnikov's troops set out on a campaign against Moscow. In the battle of Moscow, Bolotnikov's troops were defeated and were forced to retreat to Tula. On July 30, the siege of the city began, and after three months the Bolotnikovites capitulated, and he himself was soon executed. The suppression of this uprising did not mean the end of the peasant war, but it began to decline.

The government of Vasily Shuisky sought to stabilize the situation in the country. But both service people and peasants were still dissatisfied with the government. The reasons for this were different. The nobles felt Shuisky’s inability to stop the peasant war, but the peasants did not accept serfdom. Meanwhile, in Starodub (in the Bryansk region) a new impostor appeared, declaring himself the escaped “Tsar Dmitry”. According to many historians, False Dmitry II was a protege of the Polish king Sigismund III, although many do not support this version. The bulk of the armed forces of False Dmitry II were Polish nobles and Cossacks.

In January 1608 g. he moved towards Moscow.

Having defeated Shuisky's troops in several battles, by the beginning of June False Dmitry II reached the village of Tushino near Moscow, where he settled in camp. Pskov, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Vologda, Astrakhan swore allegiance to the impostor. The Tushins occupied Rostov, Vladimir, Suzdal, and Murom. In fact, two capitals were formed in Russia. Boyars, merchants, and officials swore allegiance either to False Dmitry or to Shuisky, sometimes receiving salaries from both.

In February 1609, the Shuisky government entered into an agreement with Sweden, counting on assistance in the war with the “Tushino thief” and his Polish troops. Under this agreement, Russia gave Sweden the Karelian volost in the North, which was a serious political mistake. This gave Sigismund III a reason to switch to open intervention. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth began military operations against Russia with the aim of conquering its territory. Polish troops left Tushino. False Dmitry II, who was there, fled to Kaluga and ultimately ended his voyage ingloriously.

Sigismund sent letters to Smolensk and Moscow, where he claimed that, as a relative of the Russian tsars and at the request of the Russian people, he was going to save the dying Muscovite state and its Orthodox faith.

The Moscow boyars decided to accept help. An agreement was concluded on the recognition of the prince Vladislav Russian Tsar, and until his arrival obey Sigismund. On February 4, 1610, an agreement was concluded that included a plan for the state structure under Vladislav: the inviolability of the Orthodox faith, the restriction of freedom from the arbitrariness of the authorities. The sovereign had to share his power with the Zemsky Sobor and the Boyar Duma.

On August 17, 1610, Moscow swore allegiance to Vladislav. And a month before this, Vasily Shuisky was forcibly tonsured a monk by the nobles and taken to the Chudov Monastery. To govern the country, the Boyar Duma created a commission of seven boyars, called “ seven-boyars" On September 20, the Poles entered Moscow.

Sweden also launched aggressive actions. Swedish troops occupied a large part of northern Russia and were preparing to capture Novgorod. Russia faced a direct threat of losing its independence. The aggressive plans of the aggressors caused general indignation. December 1610 g. False Dmitry II was killed, but the struggle for the Russian throne did not end there.

The third stage of the turmoil

The death of the impostor immediately changed the situation in the country. The pretext for the presence of Polish troops on Russian territory disappeared: Sigismund explained his actions by the need to “fight the Tushino thief.” The Polish army turned into an occupation army, the Seven Boyars into a government of traitors. The Russian people united to resist the intervention. The war acquired a national character.

The third period of unrest begins. From the northern cities, at the call of the patriarch, detachments of Cossacks led by I. Zarutsky and Prince Dm begin to converge on Moscow. Trubetskoy. This is how the first militia was formed. In April - May 1611, Russian troops stormed the capital, but did not achieve success, as internal contradictions and rivalry among the leaders took their toll. In the autumn of 1611, the desire for liberation from foreign oppression was clearly expressed by one of the leaders of the Nizhny Novgorod settlement Kuzma Minin, who called for the creation of a militia to liberate Moscow. The prince was elected leader of the militia Dmitry Pozharsky.

In August 1612, the militia of Minin and Pozharsky reached Moscow, and on October 26 the Polish garrison capitulated. Moscow was liberated. The Time of Troubles or “Great Devastation,” which lasted about ten years, is over.

Under these conditions, the country needed a government of a kind of social reconciliation, a government that would be able to ensure not only the cooperation of people from different political camps, but also class compromise. The candidacy of a representative of the Romanov family suited different layers and classes of society.

After the liberation of Moscow, letters were scattered throughout the country convening a Zemsky Sobor to elect a new tsar. The council, held in January 1613, was the most representative in the history of medieval Russia, which at the same time reflected the balance of forces that emerged during the war of liberation. A struggle broke out around the future tsar, and they ultimately agreed on the candidacy of 16-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, a relative of Ivan the Terrible’s first wife. This circumstance created the appearance of a continuation of the previous dynasty of Russian princes. February 21 1613 Zemsky Sobor elected Mikhail Romanov Tsar of Russia.

From this time, the reign of the Romanov dynasty in Russia began, which lasted a little over three hundred years - until February 1917.

So, concluding this section related to the history of the “time of troubles,” it should be noted: acute internal crises and long wars were largely generated by the incompleteness of the process of state centralization and the lack of necessary conditions for the normal development of the country. At the same time, this was an important stage in the struggle for the establishment of a Russian centralized state.

A difficult period in the history of our homeland began after the death of the last reigning Rurikovich - Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich. The people could not imagine existence without a legitimate king, and the boyars were striving for power, trampling on the interests of the state. The reasons for the Time of Troubles (as it is commonly called) lie in a deep political crisis caused by the struggle between contenders for the royal throne. The situation was aggravated by a terrible crop failure and famine. Against the backdrop of a deep internal crisis, Russia became the target of foreign intervention.

Causes of the Time of Troubles and its three stages

The Time of Troubles can be divided into three stages, each of which is determined by the reasons that gave rise to it.

• The first is dynastic. It represents the struggle between contenders for the throne.
• The second is called social. This is a confrontation between different social classes of an economically weakened country. It led to the invasion of foreigners.
• And the third stage is national. It implies the struggle of the people against the invaders.

The end of the Time of Troubles is considered to be the accession to the throne of the young Tsar Mikhail Romanov. Let's look at each stage in more detail.

Beginning of the dynastic period

The reasons for the beginning of the Time of Troubles emerged when Boris Godunov, elected by the Zemsky Sobor, ascended to the Russian throne. An intelligent, far-sighted and energetic ruler, he did a lot to strengthen the country and raise the standard of living of Russians. But the terrible harvest failure of 1601-1603 was a disaster that brought down the country's economy. Hundreds of thousands died of hunger. Political opponents blamed Godunov for everything. Without the authority of a hereditary king, and being only elected, the ruler lost the respect and support of both the masses and the boyars.

The appearance of False Dmitry

The situation was aggravated by claims to the throne from the impostor False Dmitry. The real heir to the throne, Tsarevich Dmitry, died under unclear circumstances in Uglich. Godunov was blamed for his death without evidence, thereby completely undermining the foundations of his reign. Taking advantage of the circumstances, False Dmitry with detachments of Poles invaded the territory of Russia, and was even proclaimed tsar. But he reigned for only a year, and in 1606 he was killed. Boyar Vasily Shuisky ascended the throne. This did not bring any tangible normalization of the situation in the country.

Social period

The causes of the Time of Troubles in Russia also included an economic component. It was she who served as the reason for the involvement of the broadest public masses in the struggle, including the nobility, clerks and Cossacks. The events that took place were given a particularly acute character by mass popular uprisings, called peasant wars. The most large-scale among them was the uprising, which was led by Bolotnikov. Having stirred up the entire central part of the country, it choked and was suppressed.

However, this did not stabilize the situation in the country. Shuisky's harsh serfdom policy caused discontent among the peasants. The upper strata of society accused him of being unable to govern the state. To top off the troubles, another impostor suddenly appeared, claiming to be the king - False Dmitry II. The country finally plunged into chaos, called the Time of Troubles. The causes, stages, consequences and driving forces of this historical process have become the topic of many scientific studies, which have shown that Poland’s aggressive policy played an important role in the current situation.

Invasion of interventionists

Under the pretext of protecting the legitimate heir to the throne, which meant False Dmitry II, his troops invaded Russian territory. Having made another mistake, Shuisky turned to the Swedish king for help in the fight against the impostor. As a result, in addition to the Polish interventionists, Swedish ones also appeared on Russian soil.

Soon, False Dmitry II, betrayed by the Poles, ended his days on the gallows, but the political causes of the Time of Troubles never found their solution. Shuisky was forcibly tonsured a monk by the boyars, and they themselves swore allegiance to the Polish prince Vladislav. It was a shameful act. The Swedes approached Novgorod closely and were preparing for the assault. The Duma, which betrayed its people, formed a body to govern the country, which was called the “Seven Boyars” based on the number of its members. Essentially, it was a government of traitors.

National period

But not only the negative aspects of Russian life were revealed by the Time of Troubles. The causes, stages, consequences, as well as the further course of the country's historical development were largely determined by the depth of national self-awareness. The people wanted only a legitimate ruler; this largely determined the features of the dynastic struggle of the first period of unrest.

The confrontation with economic and political chaos resulted in peasant wars. And finally, a wave of patriotism roused the people to fight the invaders. Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky became the leaders of the national liberation movement. In October 1612, the militia of thousands led by them forced the Polish garrison located in Moscow to capitulate.

In January of the following year, Mikhail Romanov was elected Tsar. This marked the beginning of a three-hundred-year dynasty. For a long time, the country experienced the difficult consequences of the hard years, but nevertheless, this event is considered to be the end of a historical period called the Time of Troubles, the causes, consequences and significance of which still require in-depth scientific analysis.

Can be described as decline. This era went down in history as the years of natural disasters, crisis - economic and state, - intervention of foreigners. This stagnation lasted from 1598 to 1612.

Time of Troubles in Russia: briefly about the main thing

The beginning of the Troubles was marked by the suppression of the lawful heirs of Ivan the Terrible; there was no longer a legitimate tsar in Russia. By the way, the death of the last heir to the throne was very mysterious. It is still shrouded in mystery. A struggle for power began in the country, accompanied by intrigue. Until 1605, Boris Godunov sat on the throne, during whose reign there was famine. Lack of food forces the people to engage in robbery and robbery. The discontent of the masses, who lived in the hope that Tsarevich Dmitry, killed by Godunov, was alive and would soon restore order, ended.

So, briefly stated. What happened next? As one would expect, False Dmitry I appeared and gained support from the Poles. During the war with the impostor, Tsar Boris Godunov and his son Fedor die. However, the unworthy did not have the throne for long: the people overthrew False Dmitry I and elected Vasily Shuisky as king.

But the reign of the new king was also in the spirit of troubled times. Briefly, this period can be described as follows: during the uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov, the king entered into an agreement with Sweden to fight against it. However, such an alliance did more harm than good. The king was removed from the throne, and the boyars began to rule the country. As a result of the Seven Boyars, the Poles entered the capital and began to instill the Catholic faith, while plundering everything around. Which further aggravated the already difficult situation of ordinary people.

However, despite all the hardships and hardships of the time of troubles (briefly characterized as the most terrible era for our country), Mother Rus' found the strength to give birth to heroes. They prevented Russia from disappearing on the world map. We are talking about Lyapunov’s militia: Novgorodians Dmitry Pozharsky gathered the people and drove out foreign invaders from their native land. After this, the Zemsky Sobor took place, during which Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected to the throne. This event ended the most difficult period in the history of Russia. The throne was taken by a new ruling dynasty, which was overthrown by the communists only at the beginning of the twentieth century. The House of Romanov brought the country out of darkness and strengthened its position on the world stage.

Consequences of troubled times. Briefly

The results of the Troubles for Russia are very disastrous. As a result of the chaos, the country lost a significant part of its territory and suffered significant losses in population. There was a terrible decline in the economy, the people became weak and lost hope. However, what doesn't kill you makes you stronger. So the Russian people managed to find the strength to once again restore their rights and declare themselves to the whole world. Having survived the most difficult times, Rus' was reborn. Crafts and culture began to develop, the people returned to agriculture and cattle breeding, stopping highway robberies.

Causes of the Troubles

Ivan the Terrible had 3 sons. He killed the eldest in a fit of anger, the youngest was only two years old, the middle one, Fedor, was 27. After the death of Ivan IV, it was Fedor who had to rule. But Fyodor had a very soft character, he was not suitable for the role of a king. Therefore, during his lifetime, Ivan the Terrible created a regency council under Fyodor, which included I. Shuisky, Boris Godunov and several other boyars.

In 1584, Ivan IV died. Officially, Fyodor Ivanovich began to rule, in fact, Godunov. In 1591, Tsarevich Dmitry, the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible, died. There are many versions of this event: one says that the boy himself ran into a knife, the other says that it was on the orders of Godunov that the heir was killed. A few more years later, in 1598, Fyodor also died, leaving no children behind.

So, the first reason for the unrest is the dynastic crisis. The last member of the Rurik dynasty has died.

The second reason is class contradictions. The boyars sought power, the peasants were dissatisfied with their position (they were forbidden to move to other estates, they were tied to the land).

The third reason is economic devastation. The country's economy was not doing well. In addition, every now and then there were crop failures in Russia. The peasants blamed the ruler for everything and periodically staged uprisings and supported the False Dmitrievs.

All this prevented the reign of any one new dynasty and worsened the already terrible situation.

Events of the Troubles

After the death of Fyodor, Boris Godunov (1598-1605) was elected tsar at the Zemsky Sobor.

He pursued a fairly successful foreign policy: he continued the development of Siberia and southern lands, and strengthened his position in the Caucasus. In 1595, after a short war with Sweden, the Treaty of Tyavzin was signed, which stated that Russia would return the cities lost to Sweden in the Livonian War.

In 1589, the patriarchate was established in Russia. This was a great event, since thanks to this the authority of the Russian Church increased. Job became the first patriarch.

But, despite Godunov’s successful policy, the country was in a difficult situation. Then Boris Godunov worsened the situation of the peasants by giving the nobles some benefits in relation to them. The peasants had a bad opinion of Boris (not only is he not from the Rurik dynasty, but he also encroaches on their freedom, the peasants thought that it was under Godunov that they were enslaved).

The situation was aggravated by the fact that the country experienced crop failure for several years in a row. The peasants blamed Godunov for everything. The king tried to improve the situation by distributing bread from the royal barns, but this did not help matters. In 1603-1604, the uprising of Khlopok took place in Moscow (the leader of the uprising was Khlopok Kosolap). The uprising was suppressed, the instigator was executed.

Soon Boris Godunov had a new problem - rumors spread that Tsarevich Dmitry survived, that it was not the heir himself who was killed, but his copy. In fact, it was an impostor (monk Gregory, in life Yuri Otrepiev). But since no one knew this, people followed him.

A little about False Dmitry I. He, having enlisted the support of Poland (and its soldiers) and promised the Polish Tsar to convert Russia to Catholicism and give Poland some lands, moved towards Russia. His goal was Moscow, and along the way his ranks increased. In 1605, Godunov died unexpectedly, Boris’s wife and his son were imprisoned upon the arrival of False Dmitry in Moscow.

In 1605-1606, False Dmitry I ruled the country. He remembered his obligations to Poland, but was in no hurry to fulfill them. He married a Polish woman, Maria Mniszech, and increased taxes. All this caused discontent among the people. In 1606, they rebelled against False Dmitry (the leader of the uprising was Vasily Shuisky) and killed the impostor.

After this, Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610) became king. He promised the boyars not to touch their estates, and also hastened to protect himself from the new impostor: he showed the remains of Tsarevich Dmitry to the people in order to suppress rumors about the surviving prince.

The peasants revolted again. This time it was called the Bolotnikov uprising (1606-1607) after the leader. Bolotnikov was appointed royal governor on behalf of the new impostor False Dmitry II. Those dissatisfied with Shuisky joined the uprising.

At first, luck was on the side of the rebels - Bolotnikov and his army captured several cities (Tula, Kaluga, Serpukhov). But when the rebels approached Moscow, the nobles (who were also part of the uprising) betrayed Bolotnikov, which led to the defeat of the army. The rebels retreated first to Kaluga, then to Tula. The tsarist army besieged Tula, after a long siege the rebels were finally defeated, Bolotnikov was blinded and soon killed.

During the siege of Tula, False Dmitry II appeared. At first he was heading with a Polish detachment to Tula, but upon learning that the city had fallen, he went to Moscow. On the way to the capital, people joined False Dmitry II. But they could not take Moscow, just like Bolotnikov, but stopped 17 km from Moscow in the village of Tushino (for which False Dmitry II was called the Tushino thief).

Vasily Shuisky called on the Swedes for help in the fight against the Poles and False Dmitry II. Poland declared war on Russia, False Dmitry II became unnecessary for the Poles, as they switched to open intervention.

Sweden helped Russia a little in the fight against Poland, but since the Swedes themselves were interested in conquering Russian lands, at the first opportunity (the failure of the troops led by Dmitry Shuisky) they got out of Russian control.

In 1610, the boyars overthrew Vasily Shuisky. A boyar government was formed - the Seven Boyars. Soon that same year, the Seven Boyars called the son of the Polish king, Vladislav, to the Russian throne. Moscow swore allegiance to the prince. This was a betrayal of national interests.

The people were outraged. In 1611, the first militia was convened, led by Lyapunov. However, it was not successful. In 1612, Minin and Pozharsky gathered a second militia and moved towards Moscow, where they united with the remnants of the first militia. The militia captured Moscow, the capital was liberated from the interventionists.

The end of the Time of Troubles

In 1613, a Zemsky Sobor was convened, at which a new tsar was to be chosen. The contenders for this place were the son of False Dmitry II, and Vladislav, and the son of the Swedish king, and finally, several representatives of the boyar families. But Mikhail Romanov was chosen as tsar.

Consequences of the Troubles:

1. Deterioration of the country's economic situation
2. Territorial losses (Smolensk, Chernigov lands, part of Corellia

The Time of Troubles occupies a serious place in the history of Russia. This is a time of historical alternatives. There are many nuances in this topic that are generally important for understanding and rapid assimilation. In this article we will look at some of them. Where to get the rest - see at the end of the article.

Causes of the Time of Troubles

The first reason (and the main one) is the suppression of the dynasty of the descendants of Ivan Kalita, the ruling branch of the Rurikovichs. The last king of this dynasty - Fyodor Ioannovich, son - died in 1598, and from that same time the period of the Time of Troubles in the history of Russia began.

The second reason - more the reason for the intervention during this period - is that at the end of the Livonian War, the Moscow state did not conclude peace treaties, but only truces: Yam-Zapolskoye with Poland and Plyusskoye with Sweden. The difference between a truce and a peace treaty is that the former is only a break in the war, and not its end.

Course of events

As you can see, we are analyzing this event according to the scheme recommended by me and other colleagues, about which you can.

The Time of Troubles began directly with the death of Fyodor Ioannovich. Because this is a period of “kinglessness,” of kinglessness, when impostors and generally random people ruled. However, in 1598, the Zemsky Sobor was convened and Boris Godunov, a man who had long and persistently walked to power, came to power.

The reign of Boris Godunov lasted from 1598 to 1605. At this time the following events occurred:

1. The terrible famine of 1601 - 1603, the consequence of which was the rebellion of Cotton Crookshanks, and the mass exodus of the population to the south. And also dissatisfaction with the authorities.
2. Speech of False Dmitry the First: from the autumn of 1604 to June 1605.

The reign of False Dmitry the First lasted one year: from June 1605 to May 1606. During his reign The following processes continued:

False Dmitry the First (aka Grishka Otrepiev)

The boyars grew dissatisfied with his rule, since False Dmitry did not respect Russian customs, married a Catholic, and began to distribute Russian lands as fiefs to the Polish nobility. In May 1606, the impostor was overthrown by the boyars led by Vasily Shuisky.

The reign of Vasily Shuisky lasted from 1606 to 1610. Shuisky was not even elected at the Zemsky Sobor. His name was simply “shouted”, so he “enlisted” the support of the people. In addition, he gave the so-called cross-kissing oath that he would consult with the boyar duma in everything. During his reign the following events occurred:

1. The peasant war led by Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov: from the spring of 1606 to the end of 1607. Ivan Bolotnikov acted as the governor of “Tsarevich Dmitry,” the Second False Dmitry.
2. The campaign of False Dmitry II from the autumn of 1607 to 1609. During the campaign, the impostor was unable to take Moscow, so he sat down in Tushino. Dual power appeared in Russia. Neither side had the means to defeat the other side. Therefore, Vasily Shusky hired Swedish mercenaries.
3. The defeat of the “Tushinsky Thief” by the troops of Swedish mercenaries led by Mikhail Vasilyevich Skopin-Shuisky.
4. Intervention of Poland and Sweden in 1610. Poland and Sweden were at war at this time. Since Swedish troops, albeit mercenaries, were in Moscow, Poland had the opportunity to begin an open intervention, considering Muscovy an ally of Sweden.
5. The overthrow of Vasily Shuisky by the boyars, as a result of which the so-called “seven boyars” appeared. The boyars de facto recognized the power of the Polish king Sigismund in Moscow.

Results of the Time of Troubles for the history of Russia

The first result The Troubles began with the election of a new reigning Romanov dynasty, which ruled from 1613 to 1917, which began with Mikhail and ended with Mikhail.

The second result the boyars began to die out. Throughout the 17th century, it lost its influence, and with it the old tribal principle.

Third result— devastation, economic, economic, social. Its consequences were overcome only by the beginning of the reign of Peter the Great.

Fourth result— instead of the boyars, the authorities relied on the nobility.

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