The most important criteria for placing materials in the media is their news and relevance. This means that the news should not contain “outdated” information, which has already received the attention of the public and the media more than once.

News can be valuable both in itself and in connection with a particular socially significant issue. This anchoring helps give the news additional meaning and turns the information or issue contained in the news into a socially significant one.

It should be understood that a problem becomes socially significant only if it is discussed in society and the media, i.e. if it is updated. Therefore, it is necessary to use the capabilities of the media to update events occurring in the activities of election commissions and in connection with the organization and conduct of elections.

Rice. 8. Scheme for updating the problem.

The process of updating a problem represents the content of what will be talked about, offers a list of topics that will be discussed by citizens in the process of interpersonal communication and in the media. Public opinion regarding the need to turn out for elections cannot appear on its own, since it has virtually no impact on the daily lives of voters. However, the media, constantly broadcasting stories about the expenditure of large amounts of budget funds on holding elections, the need to fulfill the civic duty of the population and thereby ensuring fair elections, actualize the problem and put it at the top of the agenda. Thus, the media form a position and, in response, gain public opinion, changing the attitude of voters towards the institution of elections.

A calendar plan for the activities of election commissions or a calendar plan for the main activities for the preparation and conduct of elections must be available to election commissions not only for internal use and organization of the electoral process, but also for provision to the media. Media representatives must be provided with a plan of calendar events implemented by the election commission, since, according to clause 11 of Art. 30 of the Federal Law “On Basic Guarantees...”, representatives of the media have the right to be present at all meetings of election commissions, when they work with election documents, as well as when counting votes. Media representatives also have the right to familiarize themselves with the protocols of election commissions on voting results or the results of elections, referendums, and make or receive from the relevant commission copies of these protocols and documents attached to them. The calendar plan will be useful in that it will allow media managers and journalists to distribute the work of covering the activities of election commissions in advance. The calendar plan is less informative than other materials for the media (press release, press kit, article, etc.), which reveal the essence and problem of each of the events, but must be used by election commissions to interact with the media.

A press release is one of the key technology texts for the media. There are two types of press releases: a press release announcing an event and a news press release.

The first of them is a short message about the upcoming event and is sent, as a rule, along with invitations to representatives of the media. Its main task is to attract the attention of journalists to the upcoming event, be it a press conference, meeting, seminar or conference held by election commissions.

An example of an announcing press release SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “100 YEARS OF RUSSIAN PARLIAMENTARISM”

On May 16, 2006, the Election Commission of the Primorsky Territory and the Election Commission of the Khabarovsk Territory are holding a scientific and practical conference dedicated to the centenary of parliamentaryism in Russia..

The main report “A Century of Russian Parliamentarism: Experience and Importance for the Formation and Development of the Electoral System of the Russian Federation” will be made by the Chairman of the Election Commission of the Primorsky Territory, Doctor of Law, Professor, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation S.A. Knyazev. The conference will also be attended by members of the regional election commission, representatives of the Legislative Assembly and local government bodies of the Primorsky Territory.

Election Commission of Primorsky Krai10

A news press release contains more detailed information on a topic and is distributed at press conferences or by fax, e-mail, and regular mail. When composing a press release and distributing it, it is necessary to take into account the format of the relevant media outlet to which it is addressed.

The press release should not exceed one page and include a header with the name of the election commission and its coordinates, subject and text of the message. A press release must contain clear, complete and clear information that excludes ambiguous interpretation of facts and must not allow its distortion when transmitted to the media. In addition, the press release is intended to direct the thoughts of journalists in a certain direction and

provide a preliminary set of opinions, formulations and clichés most preferred by election commissions.

PRACTICUM

Example of a news press release IN PRIMORYE ELECTIONS ARE OVER

As of 6 p.m., voter turnout in the elections of deputies to the Legislative Assembly of the Primorsky Territory amounted to 34.61 percent. As noted by the Chairman of the Election Commission of the Primorsky Krai Sergei Knyazev, in all electoral districts the turnout exceeded the 20 percent threshold. This means that the elections took place both in a single electoral district, where 20 deputies are elected according to a proportional system (according to party lists), and in single-mandate constituencies.

According to Sergei Knyazev, no emergency situations that would threaten to disrupt the elections have been registered. However, there are allegations of irregularities in the voting process. Thus, 20 district commissions received 18 appeals from participants in the electoral process, the regional election commission - 6 appeals, 3 appeals - to the prosecutor's office, 65 - to the regional police department. Not a single appeal was received by the regional court.

The fact that the elections in the Primorsky Krai are taking place calmly and in a working mode is also evidenced by the opinion of observers, including Lyudmila Demyanchenko, a member of the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation with the right of a decisive vote, as well as representatives of the election commissions Ha, Barovsky and Kamchatka territories, Amur region.

During the day, they visited more than 50 polling stations in Vladivostok, Ussuriysk and Artyom and nowhere did they note serious violations in the work of precinct election commissions.

The first voting results will be known after 23:00 local time. As data is received from district and territorial commissions, they will be published on the WEB site of the Primorsky Territory administration in the section of the Primorsky Territory Election Commission.

Election Commission of Primorsky Krai11

A press kit (media kit) (from the English kit - equipment, set) is a package of documents for the media. Press kit

is prepared if there is a need to provide journalists with a significant amount of information that is difficult to perceive by ear and requires a lot of time to announce. A well-prepared press kit helps media representatives better understand the essence of the problem and reflect it more fully and objectively in their publications. The press kit may contain decisions of election commissions related to the preparation and conduct of elections, referendums and the announcement of their results, which must be published in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Law “On Basic Guarantees of Electoral Rights and the Right to Participate in a Referendum of Citizens of the Russian Federation” in state or municipal periodicals, as well as transmitted to other media in the amount and within the time limits established by the specified law (clause 2 of article 30; clauses 2-4 of article 72).

For example, when election commissions hold a press conference on the eve of the upcoming elections, the following documents may be included in the press kit.

1. The composition of the election commission with functional responsibilities and contact information.

2. Calendar plan of activities for the preparation and conduct of elections.

3. Information about registered candidates.

4. List of electoral districts.

5. Excerpts from legislation concerning the most typical situations during the electoral process.

6. One of the most interesting new program interviews with the Chairman of the Central Election Commission of Russia.

7. The latest issue of the Bulletin of the Central Election Commission of Russia or the “Journal of Elections”, containing information close to the topic of the press conference.

Articles refer to the form of materials that can be prepared not only by professional journalists, but also by election commission workers themselves and transmitted ready-made to the media. Articles can be informative, aimed solely at conveying certain information to the readership, as well as analytical, containing a detailed study of a particular problem. In addition, there are articles of a review nature and devoted to the description of a specific case. As a special genre, we should highlight the author's article, which is written on behalf of the chairman or members of the election commission and is designed to reflect the most interesting aspects of the activity of the election commission and emphasize their competence.

Appeals and statements from election commissions are intended to announce and explain the position of election commissions on a particular issue. They can also serve as a means of increasing voter turnout, preventing the use of “dirty” election technologies, and refuting or confirming facts and information related to elections or the activities of election commissions. Typically, appeals and statements from election commissions are short and unambiguous documents addressed to all voters or a specific target group (candidates, members of political parties, etc.).

PRACTICUM

OFFICIAL STATEMENT OF THE ELECTION COMMISSION OF THE MUNICIPAL FORMATION “THE CITY OF ASTRAKHAN”

The attacks on the election commission of the city of Astrakhan, caused by its decision to go to court over the cancellation of the registration of one of the mayoral candidates, did not come as a surprise to anyone. In this regard, we declare that any accusations of a subjective approach on the part of the city election commission are unfounded.

The legal basis for going to court was serious financial violations on the part of the candidate during his campaign. Financing your election campaign with the funds of another candidate is illegal, as it contradicts paragraph 5 of Art. 48 of the Federal Law “On the Basic Guarantees of Electoral Rights and the Right to Participate in a Referendum of Citizens of the Russian Federation.”

A candidate who has gone through more than one election campaign with varying degrees of success and is himself one of the developers of the regional Law “On the election of deputies of representative bodies of local self-government and heads of municipalities in the Astrakhan Region” must

We are well aware of the requirements of the current legislation, which are mandatory for all participants in the election campaign without exception. The city election commission's appeal to the court was a natural result of the violations committed by the candidate. The failure of the candidate's representatives to appear in court on November 23, 2004 caused the court hearing to be postponed to November 26, 2004. Regardless of the decision of the district court on the issue of canceling the registration of a candidate, the duty of the election commission of the city of Astrakhan is to respond to any violations of the current election legislation.

O. Shein’s statement about “large-scale and forced” early voting in the city is also completely groundless. According to Russian law, any citizen has the right to vote early. To do this, he only needs to write an application to the relevant election commission indicating a valid reason: business trip, vacation, performance of official duties on election day, etc. About 200 people voted in the city mayoral election 6 days early. For a city with a number of voters of more than 367 thousand, such figures, even with a big stretch, cannot be called “m.scale.”

In conclusion, we would like to add that no accusations against the election commission of the city of Astrakhan are a reason for it to deviate from the requirements of election legislation, limit the rights of citizens to early voting, or turn a blind eye to violations by candidates during the election campaign.

Chairman of the election commission of the municipal formation “city of Astrakhan” S.V. ANTONOV.

4.1. Basic elements used when writing a press release:

Stay up to date with the news cycle:

	This point is different for different countries and for different forms of media.
	Take advantage of times when there are few events and news happening (for example, there is usually less news happening on weekends, summer and holidays, fewer events than in the morning and evening, happening from 14:00 to 18:00, although journalists are still in the midst of their working day).
	The organization must regularly submit new materials to the press. This could be 1 press release every 2 weeks, or one per month. Most public organizations do not provide their information to the media often enough. The more often you issue press releases, the more often you will be heard.

4.2. Some General Tips on Writing and Using a Press Release

	A typical newspaper may receive up to 200 press releases per week. Approximately 30% of media articles are largely based on press releases.
	Try to think like a journalist. Think about what's new about the material and what angle it offers. Is this really interesting? Is this view of the problem different, new, or unusual? Remember that you are competing with thousands of other events, issues and organizations.
	Write as a journalist would. Come up with a title that will attract attention. Start with the most interesting, exciting or provocative information. The second paragraph should reinforce the first, and subsequent paragraphs should be written in descending order of importance.
	WARNING: Do not make sweeping comments without supporting them with strong arguments. Cite facts or research as appropriate.
	If you invite a guest, don't just say their name; tell me something interesting about him. Some people attract interest at the mere mention of their name, but most people are unknown.
	Make sure there are no spelling or punctuation errors. You should have a proofreader who will check everything before releasing the release.
	If necessary, briefly explain the organization's role and/or include an introductory information page.
	When printing a press release, leave wide margins (the media will need room for editorial changes), print on only one side, and try to make your press release look attractive.
	If your initial contact is by mail, take further steps by telephone. Say what you want to say in no more than 30 seconds, as reporters are extremely busy. Keep a record of your contacts with the media and their responses.
	Consider supplementing your already published release with other materials. If these materials are not published, perhaps you should rewrite them again as a letter to the editor.
	If your release is not published, don't be discouraged. Try to find out the reason, then try again.

4.3. Different types of media contact materials

	Press release: Best for print media that have a lot of time to prepare materials and are limited in sources of information. The press release should be written so as to be reprinted directly or with few changes. ?(See? the section on the main elements of a press release)
	Information about upcoming news or events: less formal material, not for direct reprint. Should be faxed or delivered by courier to notify the media of a newsworthy event. All necessary information in news of this kind should be placed on no more than one page.
	Sealed letter: Use to convey exclusive information to an interested journalist
	Letter to the Editor:? Typically, those letters that are published are those that respond to news items, editorials, or other letters that have previously been published. Contact the newspaper for requirements (usually 300-500 words). Writing provides an opportunity to put forward your own point of view.
	Periodic information: An effective method to provide the media with information about current events. If information is sent on an attractive flyer with the organization's logo, it is more likely that the media will pay attention to it. A monthly flyer can give journalists insight into your topic. Further information could be offered at the end of the news release for those journalists who are interested.
	Data: Provide reporters with the data they value to support their story. You can offer fact sheets to the media on the full range of tobacco control issues, and you can use material already available online if you don't feel like preparing your own.
	Flyer or brochure: Useful for introducing reporters to your organization and the issue you're working on. These materials tell them that you are a trusted source of information in your field. They are also useful for informing reporters about specific tobacco issues as a potential topic for future reporting.
	Open article: Newspaper editorials or articles published opposite the editor's column provide another platform to promote your program. Opinion leaders and freelancers often write short essays. Contact the opinion page editor to inquire about the requirements for these essays (usually 500-700 words). The information must be timely and offer a different and/or unique perspective on a currently important issue. An open article does not have to be a direct response to already published material.

Timing - when to send your material to the media

	Always be mindful of reporters' deadlines. If you are unsure of the timing, contact the media staff and find out the most convenient time to send your release.
	Submit information about upcoming news or events by mail or fax at least two weeks before the scheduled event for weekly publications, a week before the scheduled event for daily publications.
	If you have prepared a press release about an event that has already been covered in the news, and hope to be included in the same day's radio news bulletin or the next day's newspaper, then your press release should be sent as quickly as possible by fax or courier.
	Another option for large-scale press release distribution that should not be overlooked is a commercial distribution service that, for a fee, will distribute your release to any number of media outlets in your country.
	Daily newspapers and television news programs prefer to receive press releases in the morning, which gives them the opportunity to prepare materials in time for release.
	Weekends - This is a time when there is usually a lull in the news, which provides good opportunities to promote less hot stories. Likewise, January is not a good month for political news, and the media are interested in providing readers with lighter material.
	Newspaper sections, such as lifestyle, travel or education, may appear only once a week and therefore have more time to prepare materials. This also applies to special television programs and magazines that prepare materials a month in advance. In these cases, you have a choice when to submit your release.

Adding photos

Newspapers and magazines add graphics, comics, drawings and photographs to make stories more interesting. Many newsworthy stories are boosted by good illustration.

You can interest an editor or reporter in your story and increase your chance of publication by supplementing the story with pictures or drawing attention to possible photographs. The newspaper may use your illustration or send a photographer.

Photos must be:

Please note that photographs are rarely returned.

Today, one of the main elements of the successful activities of government bodies, political parties, business and other organizations is the development of a comprehensive program of relations with the media. Indeed, organizations or individual politicians who establish bilateral relations with the public achieve wide popularity, have a favorable image, and enjoy the trust and respect of the population, which ensures good attitude towards them on their part.

The first step in developing a successful media relations program is to appoint a public relations manager. He must be a person who is constantly looking for new ways to increase the popularity of the organization, especially through contacts with the media, and also making sure that its authority becomes more and more significant.

The second step requires that the organization's leadership devote the time, resources, and effort necessary to successfully communicate the message.

Once these two steps have been taken, there is a period of ongoing use of public relations and media relations tools to benefit the specific needs of the organization.

It is difficult to imagine how much information is now bombarding the average person. Let's say in the USA 50 thousand new book titles are published annually. Over the same period of time, an American child sees 20 thousand advertising clips on TV. More than 12 thousand magazines and 2000 newspapers are published in the country, about 10 thousand radio stations operate, and over 1200 television stations broadcast their signals. These and many other means and channels of information dissemination, which are communication systems, are constantly evolving. Recently, computer information networks have become very widespread. And each of these means seeks to attract the attention of the audience.

In addition to the quantitative growth of means and channels of information, their technical re-equipment, we are gradually moving towards political pluralism. Along with state, independent and commercial channels of information, there is an expansion in the range of printed publications of political parties and public organizations, and an increase in their influence on the formation of public opinion. All this indicates that a person in his daily life is faced with a continuously growing flow of messages, appeals and appeals. It's probably safe to say that each of us is influenced or targeted by hundreds and hundreds of different messages every day.

Do the average person need all of them? Of course no. Many people simply isolate themselves from the multitude of information in which they have little or no interest. Many messages will be missed because the person is busy with other things and simply “switches off.” But still, human attention remains the object of fierce competition. Since there are too many competitors and it is not always easy for a person to protect himself from the onslaught of those who are after his attention, he is forced to approach information selectively and even resist. Not everyone can break through such protection. Even fewer "hunters" are capable of influencing people, so it is not surprising that some communications experts have dubbed the public the "stubborn public."

In such an environment cluttered with messages, the means of communication that peermen use also have to compete. Their task, firstly, is to attract the attention of the audience. Secondly, stimulate interest in the content of your messages. Third, develop the desire of target groups of the public to act in accordance with messages. And fourth, direct the actions of those who respond to messages. However, completing such a task and making the communication process more effective is not as simple as it might seem at first glance.

There is a preconception that information transfer and communication are one and the same. In fact, the dissemination of information is often confused with communication. Such confusion occurs in cases where material transmitted by the media (video clips, radio stories, newspaper reports, etc.) is considered an act of communication.

The student of communication studies people as they interact with each other, their groups, organizations, and society at large. They influence each other, inform some and are informed by others, teach some and learn from others, entertain some and are entertained through the efforts of others with the help of certain signs that exist independently of each of them. To understand the process of human communication, it is necessary to understand how people communicate with each other.

Communication is a two-way process of exchanging messages (signals), based on generally accepted concepts and determined both by the content of the relationship between communicators A and B, and by the social environment.

Messages or signals are sent, as a rule, for the purpose of informing, instructing or persuading those persons and objects at whom these messages are intended. But at the same time, each such task has some peculiarities. For example, the information process contains the following four stages: 1) attracting attention to communication; 2) achieving message perception; 3) interpretation of the message in a predetermined form; 4) saving information for future use. Instruction, as a demanding process, adds another step: 5) stimulating active learning and practice. The persuasion process goes even further, adding a sixth stage: 6) perception of change (readiness to act in accordance with the desire or point of view of the sender of the appeal). It is clear that the barriers to achieving desired results through information, instruction and persuasion increase with the advent of the fifth and sixth stages in the communication process.

The effectiveness of the communication component of the PR program implementation largely depends on what forms of communication are used to disseminate messages. Conventional means of communication used in public relations and peer relations are usually classified into uncontrolled and controlled.

The use of uncontrolled means means sending news about the organization to the media or specialized channels. Therefore, the publishers or editors-in-chief responsible for the work of these channels become the target public for the peermen, on which the ability to disseminate the message about the organization depends. The purpose of this form of communication is to achieve positive coverage of the promotions and events organized by the organization. Typical forms of disseminating news about the life of an organization through the media are press releases, articles, photographs and press conferences.

They are called uncontrolled because the pierman, having sent a message to the media, loses control over its further dissemination. The editor or other employees of the news channel may, without the consent of the peerman, at their own discretion, print it in whole, in part, or not pay attention to it at all; It may also happen that, having put aside Pierman's message, the editor will send a correspondent to the organization to independently prepare material about it. Since neither the organization nor the publicist pays the information channel the cost of publishing or other forms of disseminating the message, as is the case with advertising, the fate of this material depends entirely on the will of media workers.

In contrast to uncontrolled, controlled are those means of communication that disseminate information about the organization at its expense. In this case, the form, content of the material, and its location are in the hands of the organization that prepares the message. Forms of controlled means of communication can be brochures, news bulletins, reports; forms of video materials such as films, slides, etc.; interpersonal communication such as speeches , rallies, meetings, interviews, etc. Controlled means also include institutional advertising designed to strengthen the image of the organization, propaganda advertising that defends the organization’s point of view on any controversial issue, and other forms of advertising materials.

Considering that the pierman addresses various groups of the public through the media, which by their nature are public communication channels, he is obliged to maintain the purity of these channels. He must never intentionally or unintentionally mislead the media.

Relations with media workers."Deserved" favorable press coverage is the result of good connections with the media. Representatives of the press are just ordinary mortals, like everyone else. They have their own strengths and weaknesses, likes and dislikes. Achieving mutual trust and respect with members of the press takes time and patience.

If media representatives know a candidate personally, they will be more willing to listen to him. And if they listen to it more, there is an increased likelihood that it will receive positive press.

The candidate and his team members must not be biased towards journalists. Journalists are not the enemy. It is best to forget about previous clashes and misunderstandings. If a candidate and his campaign committee are suspicious of the press, the press will repay them in kind.

The media, elected representatives of government, and candidates fighting for seats in representative bodies have a common audience - the public. Media workers communicate with her directly. At the same time, every candidate or person already in power is required to deal with the press in order to inform the public.

The fundamental principles of media relations include the following:

1. To gain access to the press, you need to find out who represents it and how they work.

2. To have good press, a candidate must present his appeals and messages in such a way that they are understandable to reporters and can be easily printed.

Compilation of complete lists of media. To facilitate communication with the media, a thorough, detailed, and constantly updated list of media outlets is compiled. It should cover all daily, weekly and monthly publications, as well as television and radio stations serving the population of the constituency.

In addition to information about journalists and reporters, it is also desirable to have information about media managers - editors and publishers.

Additional channels of information. The sources of information for many printed publications, radio and television stations are foreign and domestic telegraph agencies. The press secretary of the election campaign must have their telephone numbers, the names of the heads of central and local branches, the names of reporters covering a particular range of issues, and have an idea of ​​the political orientation of such agencies

It is also necessary to compile a list of independent journalists who send their own materials to various media outlets.

It is known that, in addition to political parties that have their own media, there are quite a lot of public organizations, unions, religious organizations, and associations that also print and distribute newspapers and newsletters. This group of organizations will readily respond to requests to print materials that address issues of particular interest to them.

To successfully communicate with the media, you need to have an understanding of how news is collected. The news industry operates in a hurry, on "borrowed time." Reporters are very busy people. The campaign message is just one of many they need to process and convey. When reporting fast news, reporters and editors do not have time to analyze all the facts to prepare a story. There is not enough time for a full report on the event. A thirty-second report on an event, based on a candidate's submission, on a five-minute local news broadcast on radio or television is pretty good coverage.

Media workers' constant lack of time can be turned to their advantage. To do this, they are provided with messages where it is easy to sort out the information and find the “core” on which they can string the material.

To get good press, you need to:

* Schedule messages in advance. Each material should focus on one thing. Media workers are led to believe that the story or message being conveyed to them deserves to be news.

* Use keywords. The main idea is presented in the form of a statement that can be quoted. This key point is repeated in all materials released to the press. The position should be short and simple.

* Do not overload the press with excessive information. The press is given enough facts to draw a conclusion, but not so much that it confuses the issue. Don't expect reporters to read ten-page stories. Therefore, they highlight the main thoughts and show how they develop the topic.

* Duplicate efforts. Use every available means to promote the message: press releases, phone interviews, one-on-one interviews, radio reports and newsworthy events. The main idea is repeated in all materials.

* Be consistent. Messages should always support and promote the campaign theme and be consistent with the campaign strategy. Every thought contained in an interview or article should work towards the main point of view contained in it.

* Talk to the press in “human” language. News is reported to show how problems affect a person's life. That's why they buy newspapers. Concepts and illustrations used in press materials should be presented simply and clearly, while conveying how the news or issue will matter to people's lives.

There are basic tools that should be used to promote "deserved" press coverage of an election campaign.

A media package, or press pack, is designed to provide reporters with complete background information about a candidate and his campaign. A reporter can use it as a ready-made reference when preparing stories about the candidate and the campaign. This package, as a representation of the campaign, must be sent to all news distribution channels in accordance with the list of media; it may also be presented by the candidate himself, as this gives him the opportunity to meet with reporters and editors in person.

Press releases- a reliable way to see the material in the press the way the candidate wants to see it. It is prepared by the press secretary and transmitted to the press. The press release is written in newspaper style and should focus on one issue.

Press releases are used to report on the composition of the election campaign headquarters, its further activities, actions or plans; presentation of a report or material on any issue, bringing to the attention of the public the candidate’s point of view on a particular issue; opponent's accusations; for the purpose of supporting certain actions or persons. All press releases must be carefully reviewed by the candidate and the campaign manager, or by one of them.

Basic rules for preparing a press release:

* The press release is printed on the letterhead of the candidate’s election campaign headquarters in a clear, legible font and contains its name, headquarters address, and contact phone number.

* The name of the contact person (campaign manager or press secretary) is printed in the upper right corner of the page.

* Above the title, in the left corner of the page, the stamp “For immediate distribution” is placed if there is no need to hold the material for any reason. In the latter case, they write that it is intended for distribution for a certain time, but there are no guarantees that the reporter will not use the information before the specified period.

*Uses an attention-grabbing headline to pique the interest of the reporter or editor.

* The date and place from which the press release was sent are indicated.

*The most important facts are summarized in the first paragraph. This key paragraph (lead) should answer the questions: who? What? When? Where? and why? And sometimes the question: how?

* The second paragraph contains one or two quotes from the candidate's speeches.

* Each subsequent descending paragraph should be less weighty (inverted pyramid). This is done so that the editor, if there is not enough space to place all the material, can cut off the end without distorting the main content.

* The press release is printed double-spaced on one page with large margins. It is not recommended to print on the back of the page. If the text does not fit on one page, write “see further” at the bottom and continue on the next page. At the very end of the press release text, an indent is made and a # # # sign is printed in the center of the line. This indicates the end of the material (international standard).

*Press release information must be accurate. It's important not to overdo it with editing. If a press release is prepared in newspaper style, it has a better chance of being published.

* It is necessary to avoid grammatical errors and edit the text carefully. Any mistake will undermine the credibility of the election campaign.

* The press release is submitted personally. It is sent by mail or fax only in extreme cases. The mode of operation of the media should be taken into account. Timeliness is a guarantee that the press release will be printed.

* It is necessary to keep a record of all press releases, indicating topics and dates.

Press releases. Press releases are a special type of press release. The message brings to the attention of the press the specifics of the upcoming event, which should receive coverage in the media.

Press releases are printed and distributed in much the same way as press releases. But, in addition to the title, it must be marked “Press Release,” contain no quotes, and not exceed two or three paragraphs. Press releases should also answer the questions: who? What? When? Where?

It should contain just enough information to make the event of interest to the press, but not so much that it interferes with coverage. After distributing the message, you need to remember to call and remind them about the event again.

Radio reports from the scene. In this case, the report is the recorded voice of the candidate, which is transmitted by telephone to the radio station from the scene of the event. Since radio news is broadcast for only a few minutes, such reports should not last more than 30 seconds.

You should always call the radio station in advance to find out whether such a report will be accepted. Sometimes stations will not accept a candidate's recorded application. They prefer an interview recorded by a reporter. And this is also good, since there is a chance for the candidate’s voice to be heard on the air. It is always worth agreeing to do such interviews one on one.

Field reporting, as a separate genre of radio broadcasts, is useful for press secretaries who want to convey as much information as possible in a short time. It is advisable to refer to live reports after an important press announcement during which a radio reporter was not present. They can also be used when it is necessary to make a statement, but the candidate is somewhere far away.

Today, there are many technical means that facilitate the dissemination of topical reports as a genre of radio broadcasts. They are simple and inexpensive, so they are worth using during election campaigns.

Radio and TV interviews you can give easily and confidently. As a result, it is possible to use these powerful means of communication as part of a comprehensive public relations and media relations program.

Whether the candidate is interviewing in person or someone accompanying the organization representative who will be interviewed, a fear-inducing situation can be turned into an effective method of communicating with the public and promoting the organization.

Bibliography

2) Dorothy Doty I. Publicity and Public Relations / Translation from English. 2nd edition - M.: "Filin", 1998.

3) Zverintsev A.B. Communication management: PR manager's workbook: 2nd ed. -SPb.: UNION, 1997.

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Teaching oral speech using materials from English-language media

Introduction

1. Theoretical foundations of the process of teaching oral speech at the senior stage of teaching English

1.1 Characteristics of oral speech

1.2 Objectives of teaching oral speech in English

1.3 Features of teaching speaking

1.4 Features of teaching listening

Chapter 1 Conclusions

2. Using the media in teaching speaking

2.1 Use of electronic media in teaching speaking

2.2 Use of printed media in teaching oral speech

2.3 Lesson plan in 11th grade using print and electronic media

Chapter 2 Conclusions

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

As you know, the main goal of teaching English is the formation and development of the student’s communicative culture, teaching practical mastery of a foreign language. The domestic methodological school presents research on the study and search for practical ways to teach foreign language communication (I.A. Zimnyaya, E.I. Passov, A.A. Leontyev, V.L. Skalkin, I.L. Bim, E.A. Maslyko, N.D. Galskova, T.V. Aslamova, S.A. Miloradov, R.F. Fastovets, E.Y. Roovet, etc.).

Mastering oral foreign language communication is impossible without the use of effective, high-tech, accessible teaching aids. These currently include traditional media (print, radio, television), as well as Internet resources, which are becoming increasingly relevant. Thanks to the media, information reaches multilingual audiences without intermediaries. Thus we determined relevance research.

The advantages of the media in the learning process lie in their authenticity, relevance, informative richness, communicative orientation, and high potential for the development of foreign language speech.

Many studies confirm the positive effect of involving media in foreign language teaching. Most of the works in this area highlight the problems of mastering various types of speech activity: listening (O.N. Gordienko, M.V. Khorunzhaya) or speaking (oral speech) based on video materials (O.E. Mikhailova, A.N. Shchukin, M. .V. Baranova, I.B. Platonova).

Object of study is the process of teaching oral speech to high school students learning English.

Subject of research is a method of teaching oral speech using materials from English-language media.

Purpose of the thesis- develop methods and techniques for teaching oral speech using the material of English-language media at the senior stage in secondary school.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: 1) consider the concept of speech and features of oral speech; 2) determine the content and goals of teaching oral speech;

3) conduct a review of English-language media for use in teaching practice;

4) develop tasks for students in grades 10-11 based on materials from English-language media;

5) develop a lesson plan for teaching oral speech based on English-language media.

To solve these problems, the following were used research methods: study, analysis and synthesis of pedagogical and methodological literature on the topic of the thesis; study of current standards and programs in a foreign language; analysis of domestic and foreign textbooks on the English language in order to highlight methodological material; observation of the process of teaching English to high school students during the period of teaching practice; conversation with an English teacher.

Practical significance The research is that the results obtained can be used to develop classes on the development of oral speech and the development of public speaking skills in senior classes of secondary schools.

Novelty of the research lies in the fact that in this thesis an attempt is made to develop a methodology for the development of oral speech based on the media.

The thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.

1. Theoretical foundations of the process of teaching oral speech at the senior stage of teaching English

1.1 Characteristics of oral speech

Oral speech is a broad concept that includes the main types of speech activity: listening, speaking (dialogue and monologue speech). It is a two-way process that consists of the ability to speak English and the ability to understand the speech of other people. The relevance of the issue of oral speech development is determined by the goals facing modern schools, namely, the formation of a multicultural personality of students who possess a system of knowledge about the English language not only at the level of understanding, but also of free communication. Consequently, there is a constant improvement of already known ones and a search for the most effective methods of developing oral speech. lesson printed communication authenticity

By definition I.A. Zimnyaya: “A foreign language, like any linguistic system, is a socio-historical product, which reflects the history of a people, its culture, system of social relations, traditions. A language exists, lives and develops in the public consciousness, in the consciousness of the people speaking it. It also has the power to separate and unite peoples, giving a single national character to human communities."

Oral language can be approached as both a goal and a means of learning. In the first case, it acts as a means of communication and transmission of information. This is what a foreign language is studied for. In the second, with the help of oral speech, the development of automatisms in the reproduction and transformation of acquired material is carried out.

Oral speech, as the goal of learning, acts as a means of communication through which information is obtained during listening, information is transmitted during speaking, and information is exchanged during conversation. The use of oral language can arouse in students a genuine interest in the subject "English" at school and a desire to study it. Tasks in this case direct the student’s attention to the semantic content of the statement when it is perceived by ear or in the process of speaking, when he himself needs to speak out in a given situation. Oral speech is also used as a means of learning, with the help of which the development of automatisms in the reproduction and transformation (transformation) of acquired lexical units and grammatical structures is carried out, while oral speech is associated with methods of familiarization and training and the expansion of language knowledge. In this case, the tasks are aimed at working out the form, meaning and use of a word, phrase, grammatical form; The student’s attention is directed to how they speak, how to say it in a given situation, what this or that grammatical form, this or that word, or phrase conveys.

In modern methods of teaching foreign languages, oral speech is used as a means of teaching, thereby making it possible to introduce students to verbal communication from the very beginning of learning a foreign language. It is used when familiarizing yourself with new educational material, when training and implementing the method of application. Oral training exercises give students the opportunity to apply the acquired material in speech.

At the senior stage of learning, the oral basis creates favorable conditions for expanding both grammatical and lexical knowledge of students in the target language, and, above all, in the process of speaking and listening. Oral speech, in turn, carries the following functions:

Motivational (considered as the goal of language learning, provides the opportunity for direct communication, mastery of oral speech helps to overcome problems associated with self-doubt when learning a language);

Developmental (mastery of the structure of language in oral speech contributes to the improvement of other aspects of speech activity, i.e. students are provided with the opportunity to hear and see how, in what situations, input words or grammatical structures are used through the inclusion of auditory, visual and speech motor analyzers in the active work; mobilizes attention of students, cognitive interest is stimulated).

Signs of oral speech reflect the properties inherent in human speech as a whole. The combination of the meanings of general and specific characteristics individualizes a person. General and specific features are interrelated, but the defining ones are the general features, which include:

1. level of oral language proficiency;

2. compliance of speech with certain regulatory requirements of grammar and orthoepy (a set of norms of the national language that ensure the unity of its sound design).

The main reason for the difficulties in learning oral speech is that the language material that a person must master appears in a completely new aspect - it must be mastered actively as a means of communication, and not just for recognition and recognition, which is the task of receptive perception. The development of English speech should consist of daily practice, learning phrases, expressions, memorization and retelling. The result of learning should be intuitive mastery of language material, when the right word or the right form comes to mind in connection with a certain thought, and in the process of listening it appears

understanding its content.

1.2 Objectives of teaching oral speech in English

Students are given the following tasks:

Quickly and correctly navigate communication conditions;

Express your thoughts with sufficient completeness;

Build your statement consistently and logically;

Select appropriate language means for expression;

Express your attitude to the subject of speech;

Use arguments in the statement that correspond to the communicative intention of the speaker.

Any speech skills, in order to function as the basis of speech ability, must have a system of qualities. These include: automation (improving skills); flexibility, without which a skill is not transferable and remains a “thing in itself”; complexity (a skill can consist of smaller elementary actions, but it itself can be included in a more complex skill. In in the process of joint combination of skills in the system of the entire speech act, their volume grows);

From the point of view of information, verbal communication consists of four main aspects (types of speech activity): speaking, listening, writing, reading.

Speaking is the sending of speech acoustic signals that carry information.

Listening (or listening) is the perception of speech acoustic signals and their understanding.

When speaking and listening, a person operates with acoustic signals. These types of speech activity create the basis of the process

speech communication. The effectiveness of verbal communication depends on how well the student has developed the skills of all four types of speech activity. In addition, the level of development of speech skills is a criterion for assessing the level of language proficiency (not only foreign, but also native) and an indicator of a person’s general culture. No matter how much a person takes part in communication, it is based on a single scheme, which includes: the sender of information (or addressee) - the person speaking or writing; recipient of information (or addressee) - a person reading or listening; message (text in oral form) - without the exchange of information there can be no verbal communication. A separate speech act (fragment of communication) is called a communicative act (for example, in a dialogue - a remark from one of the interlocutors). It turns out that speech communication is the communication of people.

So, when teaching oral speech, the teacher’s tasks include teaching: to quickly and correctly navigate in communication conditions; construct a statement consistently and logically in accordance with the plan; find adequate linguistic means for expression; use arguments in the statement that correspond to the communicative intention of the speaker; express your thoughts with sufficient completeness; express your attitude to the subject of speech.

Communication is one of the important conditions for the formation of consciousness and self-awareness of an individual, a stimulator of its motivational and incentive sphere and the development of the individual as a whole. The content of communication stems from the content of thinking, which is formed under the influence of objective reality, because consciousness projects this reality onto human activity. At the same time, when discussing objects, a person solves one or another speech, communicative problem. Taking into account the practical purpose of teaching a foreign language

To teach it as a means of communication, we can highlight several principles on which the successful organization of oral communication in a foreign language is built.

The principle of communication.

It means that the learning process should be structured in such a way as to involve students in oral (listening, speaking) communication, i.e. communication in the target language throughout the entire course of study.

The principle of personal communication.

This principle assumes that the main form of educational activity is not listening, speaking or reading, but lively and active communication between the teacher and students, as well as between the students themselves. To organize live communication, it is necessary to use role-playing games. Managing a role-playing game is also managing group communication. The teacher thoughtfully involves everyone in the common activity, pre-distributes roles for each new game, makes everyone a temporary leader, in a word, teaches them to communicate.

The principle of collective interaction.

In order for students to move directly from their thoughts to their immediate formulation, it is necessary to encourage them to talk about what they can say, bearing in mind the foreign language words and grammatical structures that have already been acquired by the students or only previously explained, but not yet assimilated.

The leading method of teaching a foreign language today is the communicative method, which serves to achieve the goal of teaching speaking as a means of oral communication, which appeared in the 60s of the last century in Great Britain. The study begins with the study of words and expressions, and then a grammatical basis is provided for them. The main goal of this technique is to teach a person

speak freely and competently. The teacher must have a living, not a bookish language, must know all the nuances of the meanings of words and expressions and be able to convey them to the student.

The main goal of the communicative teaching approach is communication. The learning process is as close as possible to natural communication and is aimed at personal interaction, in which different methods of communication are used. Within the framework of the student-oriented direction, the emphasis in teaching is placed on the individual as the subject of educational activity, the teacher from “indisputable authority” becomes an attentive and interested interlocutor and participant in the learning process. The communicative method, as one of the modern methods of teaching English, helps the teacher to be not only a carrier of information, but also an observer and consultant. Language is considered from the point of view of its social nature, connection with society on the one hand, and connection with the individual on the other hand. The activity direction is characterized by an orientation in learning towards the activities of the subjects of learning. At the center of learning is the student - his motives, goals, psychological capabilities. Activity is the content of the educational process.

In modern methods of teaching foreign languages ​​at school, both domestic and foreign, oral speech is widely used as a means of teaching, which allows the teacher to introduce students to verbal communication from the very beginning of their learning of a foreign language. Teaching is organized as follows: if grammatical material is new to students, it is offered in speech samples or standard sentences, correlated with situations in which this grammatical phenomenon is used. In this case, what is to be learned is highlighted by intonation, and contrasting pairs are also used.

(For example, students must learn to use the past tense in speech. The speech samples (model sentences) used for familiarization must contain everything to serve as samples for revealing the form, meaning and use of a given tense category. The teacher pronounced sentences with a verb in the past tense, relating them to situations in which they can be used, and thus ensuring an understanding of what is being said. If necessary, translation is used. The teacher then says the same sentences again, emphasizing the verb and adverbial words using intonation. It is necessary to provide students with multiple auditory perception of the acquired material, its reproduction, transformation, which is usually accompanied by repetition of previously acquired vocabulary. Consider the example: “Yesterday we went to the cinema (theatre, club, forest, park, stadium, library, doctor, teacher.)". When playing these sentences, the student’s attention is directed not to the grammatical form (went), but to the transmission of content (wheredidtheygo), which ensures involuntary memorization of the grammatical form and repetition of words and phrases used to denote the place.)

The oral basis of learning in the conditions of teaching a foreign language at school creates favorable conditions for expanding students' knowledge in the target language, for the formation of pronunciation, lexical and grammatical skills and speech skills, and, above all, listening and speaking. It is necessary to focus on teaching pronunciation as students deal with spoken language. More time should be devoted to listening, repeating, and reproducing, with some changes, the acquired material; all work is done orally. Orally you can perform several times more exercises than reading and writing, and therefore better ensure repetition

passed, which is very important for mastering language material and developing skills and abilities.

1.3 Features of teaching speaking

Speaking is one of the main types of speech activity, which has a number of characteristics that are of direct significance to humans. Speaking is considered as an oral mode of activity. Speaking is a way of expressing thoughts through language. The main problem with learning to speak is that it is an intermediate stage between thought and the oral message itself. It is necessary to develop appropriate speech skills.

Speaking - in terms of the way the subject (thought) is presented - is an oral form of speech activity, which, in terms of the focus of the speech action on the expression of the subject (thought), is characterized as a productive type of activity. And by the nature of the role that speaking plays in the communication process, speaking is characterized by an initiative type of speech activity, since it is aimed at satisfying human needs.

Speaking as a type of speech activity has the following characteristics: connection with personality, connection with thinking, connection with the communicative function of thinking, motivation, purposefulness, social nature.

The formation and development of speaking skills is a necessary condition for the successful completion of the communication process. From the theoretical methodology of teaching verbal communication in a foreign language, it is known that speaking is a form of oral communication through which information is exchanged, contact is established with the interlocutor, and influence is exerted on him. During training

Speaking, we teach students the ability to express thoughts and convey information orally.

The goal of teaching speaking is for students to achieve the following skills:

a) give a prepared or unprepared message; b) respond adequately to the interlocutor’s remarks;

c) initiate communication and take part in it.

During learning to speak, pronunciation, rhythmic-intonation and lexical-grammatical skills are practiced. Speaking can take place in the form of dialogue or in the form of a monologue, and also, if a conversation occurs between several persons, in the form of a polylogue. From the point of view of the participation of thinking in the speaking process, the following types of speaking are distinguished:

Initiative (spontaneous) speaking. The speaker himself chooses the topic of the statement, is guided by his own initiative in the speaking process, and selects expressive means of communication. It is considered the most perfect type of speaking.

Response (reactive) speaking. Occurs in the form of a reaction to the speech of other persons, interlocutors, the speaker does not have an internal urge to speak.

Imitative speaking. The speaker repeats the received message with awareness of its meaning, for example, when reproducing a text learned by heart.

Automated speaking. The speaker reproduces a text learned by heart, the meaning of which is not expected to be understood; or complex text (incomprehensible to the speaker).

Associative (stochastic, from Greek - guess) speaking. The speaker reproduces a text he has learned by heart, the meaning of which he does not understand at all, using various associations.

There are two approaches to teaching foreign language speaking:

1. “bottom-up processing” - the assimilation of the language system begins with individual elements, passes through stages, from a lower level to a higher one, and the gradual mastery of the skills of dialogic and monologue speech ultimately leads to the ability to independently generate coherent statements ;

2. “top-down processing” - mastery of integral acts of communication, samples of speech works. Practicing speaking skills and abilities with this approach begins with repeated repetition of the finished text, monologue or sample dialogue, which has been listened to and read, which are considered as standards for the subsequent construction of similar texts for speech. And then there is the development of individual elements, the use of other vocabulary for the subsequent independent generation of similar statements. This top-down approach is focused “on the mastery of primarily ritualized dialogues in standard communication situations.”

Speaking is always situational. It follows that it is necessary to avoid the use of non-situational phrases, not only in the process of developing speech skills (this is easier and most often occurs), but also in the process of formation and improvement.

Speaking is always purposeful and motivated. This requires an appropriate organization of the speaking learning process:

using only conditional speech and speech exercises, striving to motivate students’ speech actions;

speaking is always connected with thinking. It follows that it is necessary to develop speech skills in the context of solving communicative problems of verbal communication;

Speaking at the level of skill is always a product, not a reproduction of finished material. It is carried out through complex mental activity, relying on hearing, memory, prediction and attention. Speaking can be of varying complexity, ranging from a simple exclamation to a detailed statement.

Psychologists note six psychological features of the speaking process:

the first feature is that speaking, like listening, is a skill that presupposes a skill, but cannot be reduced to it;

the second is the productive nature of speaking (combining grammatical and lexical means of the language), although speaking can also be of a reproductive nature (simple repetition);

the third is the connection of foreign language forms of speaking with human thinking. The fourth feature of the speaking process is that

the speaker usually focuses on the semantic content of the speech. And the language shell, as a rule, is created intuitively;

fifth - the speaking process is in close relationship with all other speech processes, including receptive ones;

sixth - speaking is divided into external and internal.

The parameters of speaking include: motive (the need or need to speak out), purpose and function (the nature of the impact on the partner), subject (one’s own or someone else’s thought), structure (actions and operations), mechanisms (comprehension, anticipation, combination), means of communication ( linguistic and speech material (phonetic, lexical, grammatical), speech product (types of dialogues, monologue statements), condition (speech situation), presence or absence of supports.

1.4 Features of teaching listening

In the educational process, listening acts as both a goal and a means.

As a remedy it can be used as:

1. Methods of organizing the educational process.

2. The method of introducing language material orally.

3. Tools for teaching other types of speech activity.

4. A means of monitoring and consolidating acquired knowledge, skills and abilities.

Listening is a receptive activity, and mastery of receptive activities is a prerequisite for the development of productive skills and, first of all, speaking.

Listening in the structure of the lesson can occur at the beginning, in the central part, and at the final stage. The place of listening in the structure of the lesson will, first of all, depend on the goal that the teacher has set for himself and the students.

If the goal of the lesson is to develop grammatical skills, authentic speech can be a way to recognize in the text, for example, the use of the verb tense studied in this lesson. With the lexical goal of the lesson, authentic speech helps to master and consolidate new vocabulary on the topic of the lesson. When developing phonetic skills, attention is paid to students’ recognition of the intonation pattern of a phrase, to mastering the technique of pronouncing foreign sounds in words, phrases and sentences. This can be a small text passage containing a small number of unfamiliar words, and can be used at the stage of updating students’ knowledge in a reading lesson; it can be a sample dialogue in a lesson in teaching dialogic speech. This could be a song when introducing new lexical units, or it could be the main stage of the entire lesson.

listening training, where the information contained in the text is key.

Listening is used as a means of introducing students to new language or speech material. Introducing new material means showing students the meaning, form, and use. Thus, when familiarizing yourself with new vocabulary, students must repeatedly perceive it in order to master the form; to understand the meaning, you can use a non-translation method of revealing the meaning and only, if necessary, translation; Situations are needed to illustrate the use of a new word. Familiarization begins with the perception of the whole, i.e., an utterance - a speech unit related to the situation. Thus, it goes from the whole to the particular, from the statement to the individual word, and from it to the sound (if it is new).

When working with audio materials, students develop their ability to simultaneously work on several speech teachings.

The correct relationship between different types of speech is of certain importance when teaching foreign language speech.

Listening comprehension is closely related to speaking - expressing thoughts using the language being studied. Speaking can be a reaction to someone else's speech.

Listening to foreign language speech and speaking are interconnected in the educational process: listening can serve as the basis for speaking, in turn, the quality of understanding of the material listened to is usually controlled by answering questions about the content of what was listened to or by retelling it.

Thus, listening prepares speaking, and speaking helps the formation of listening comprehension.

Being closely related to other types of speech activity, listening plays an important role in learning a foreign language and especially in communicative-oriented learning.

Chapter 1 Conclusions

Oral speech as a type of speech activity is a complex process consisting of two closely related processes - the process of listening, perception and understanding on the one hand, and the process of speaking on the other hand. But purely theoretical knowledge on these aspects is completely insufficient to talk about language acquisition.

Language lives as a means of communication and communication. Based on this, we are talking about the practical purposes of teaching a foreign language in secondary school. This, in turn, determines the entire methodology for working on the language; oral speech should be an integral part of every lesson. A number of difficulties arise when teaching a foreign language. Firstly, this is the difference in language structures compared to the native language. In oral speech, as an object of learning, two subjects of learning can be distinguished: listening and speaking. Listening and speaking contribute to each other's development in the learning process. To understand, you need to speak. Understanding is formed in the process of speaking, and speaking in the process of understanding. As already mentioned, oral speech can be presented in the form of dialogical speech, in which there is difficulty in understanding the thoughts of the interlocutor, as a result of which this type of speech is associated with the development of listening skills, and monologue speech, the difficulty of which is that the student must follow logic, coherence, pace of speech, completeness of statements in the speaking process. One of the main tasks of oral speech is

training in message formatting.

2. Using the media in teaching speaking

2.1 Use of electronic media in teaching speaking

Mass media (abbreviated media, also mass media) are organizational and technical complexes that provide rapid transmission and mass replication of verbal, figurative and musical information and have the following characteristics:

a) mass distribution (1000 or more copies)

b) frequency, which should not be less than once a year; c) compulsion: one signal source (broadcaster, editorial office) -

many listeners;

Mass media are divided into printed and electronic versions:

1. printed: newspapers, magazines, almanacs, etc.

2. electronic: radio, television, Internet, etc.

3. news agencies.

The media play an important role in the life of modern society. A distinctive feature of the media is publicity.

The use of newspapers and magazines in teaching a foreign language has recently attracted the attention of many teachers. Newspapers, magazines and other news materials - what can they give us? Here we can talk about a wide range, from general education, broadening one’s horizons to issues such as learning English.

Composition of articles, their content:

fresh material. This is an immediate reaction to what is happening in the world, and students become involved in the discussion and connected to the topic, and have the opportunity to express their opinions.

authentic material. Refers to real life. Facts from the news are real, real life, and relevant to all of us.

very wide variety in the choice of topics. We can select material on any topic from the life of society, politics, economics, science, environmental protection, sports, entertainment, home and family topics.

The teacher can select material depending on the age group, the objectives of the current lesson, or choose some message about an extraordinary event that can increase students' motivation and desire to learn about the subject of the article through language.

The articles have very diverse linguistic features: different styles, types of texts, vocabulary. Students develop listening skills through thoughtful activities. The active and passive vocabulary of students is replenished, and the skill of speech guessing is developed.

Articles and programs are the basis for the development of basic skills and abilities. The teacher gives tasks such as: find information about something specific in the article; retell the general content of the article; find confirmation of your arguments in the article; write a message based on the material in the article. Working with a dictionary deepens knowledge of specific terms, and also helps to transfer basic vocabulary from passive to active through repeated repetitions.

In other words, newspapers, magazines, television news are used not only as a means of obtaining information, but also as

linguistic object. This accomplishes the task of giving meaningful content, context, to the language we teach.

2.2 Use of printed media in teaching oral speech

One of the most revolutionary achievements in recent decades, which has significantly influenced the educational process throughout the world, was the creation of a worldwide computer network called the Internet, which literally means “international net”. The use of cyberspace (syberspace) for educational purposes is a completely new direction in general didactics and private methodology, since the changes taking place affect all aspects of the educational process, from the choice of techniques and style of work, to changing the requirements for the academic level of students.

The main goal of studying a foreign language in secondary school is the formation of communicative competence; all other goals (educational, educational, developmental) are realized in the process of achieving this main goal. The communicative approach involves learning to communicate and developing the ability for intercultural interaction, which is the basis for the functioning of the Internet. Outside of communication, the Internet has no meaning - it is an international, multinational, cross-cultural society, whose livelihoods are based on the electronic communication of millions of people around the world speaking at the same time - the most gigantic conversation in size and number of participants that has ever taken place. By participating in it in a foreign language lesson, we create a model of real communication. Communicating in a true language environment provided by the Internet, students find themselves in real life situations.

Involved in solving a wide range of meaningful, realistic, interesting and achievable problems, schoolchildren learn to respond spontaneously and adequately to them, which stimulates the creation of original statements, rather than stereotyped manipulation of linguistic formulas.

Primary importance is given to understanding, conveying content and expressing meaning, which motivates the study of the structure and vocabulary of a foreign language, which serve this purpose. Students' attention is concentrated on the use of forms, and grammar is taught indirectly, in direct communication, excluding the pure study of grammatical rules. The computer is loyal to the variety of student answers, which develops their independence and creates a favorable socio-psychological atmosphere in the English lesson, giving them self-confidence, which is an important factor for the development of their individuality. The development of education today is organically connected with an increase in the level of its information potential. This characteristic feature largely determines both the direction of the evolution of education itself and the future of the entire society. For the most successful navigation in the global information space, it is necessary for students to master information culture, as well as computer-screen culture, since priority in searching for information is increasingly given to the World Wide Web. As an information system, the Internet offers its users a variety of information and resources. A basic set of services may include:

Electronic mail (e-mail);

Teleconferences (usenet);

Video conferencing;

Possibility of publishing your own information, creating your own home page and posting it on a Web server;

Access to information resources;

Reference catalogs (Yahoo!, InfoSeek/UltraSmart, LookSmart, Galaxy);

Search engines (Google, Yandex, Bing, Baidu, Yahoo, AOL);

Conversation online (Chat).

These resources can be actively used in an English lesson. For example, email can be used to send important information for study during or outside of class.

Teleconference is a meeting whose participants are geographically distant from each other and which is carried out using telecommunications means. Teleconferences are divided into audio conferences (using voice transmission) and video conferences (using video communication). Most often, such conferences are held in real time and thus contribute to the study of unprepared oral speech in English.

The ability to publish your own information, create your own home page and place it on a Web server allows you to save, share and use information to study material that contributes to the mastery of the English language and oral speech in particular.

Access to information resources. Information resources are, in a broad sense, a collection of data organized to effectively obtain reliable information. Since the media act as holders of information resources

information, the Internet and libraries, then access to them allows you to get an almost unlimited flow of information for study.

Search engines are a collection of various hardware and software tools, the main task of which is to search for information on the world wide web. A search engine for the average user is represented by a regular web interface, which additionally provides various functions for searching for various information posted on Internet resources on the Internet. Today there are a large number of search engines, the most famous of which are Google, Yandex, Bing and several others . All of these systems are based on keyword scanning.

Mastering communicative and intercultural competence is impossible without communication practice, and the use of Internet resources in a foreign language lesson is simply irreplaceable in this sense: the virtual environment of the Internet allows you to go beyond time and space, providing its users with the opportunity for authentic communication with real interlocutors on topics that are relevant to both parties . However, we must not forget that the Internet is only an auxiliary technical means of teaching, and in order to achieve optimal results it is necessary to correctly integrate its use into the lesson process.

There are many computer programs that help English teachers and students in mastering the English language. Computer-based training programs have many advantages over traditional teaching methods. They allow you to train various types of speech activity and combine them in different combinations, help to understand linguistic phenomena, form linguistic abilities, create communicative situations, automate language and speech actions, and also provide

the ability to take into account the leading representative system, implement an individual approach and intensify the student’s independent work.

We have analyzed some of them. When introducing and practicing topical vocabulary, such as shopping, food, clothing, you can use the computer programs “Triple play plus in English”, “English on holidays”, “English Gold” and others. The stages of working with computer programs are as follows: demonstration, consolidation, control. Using the example of the computer program “English on holidays”, we will consider these stages.

At the first stage - the introduction of vocabulary, for example, on the topic "Weather". Using a demonstration computer, the teacher selects the automatic mode: pictures depicting natural phenomena appear on the screen: snow-snow, rain-shower, thunderstorm-thunderstorm, cloudy-humidity, frost-drizzle, clear-clear, sunny-sunny, cold-cold, cloudy-cloudy, hail-hail and others. Then follow the phrases:

What a beautiful day! - What a beautiful day! What an awful weather! - What terrible weather!

Is it usually as hot as this? - Is it always so hot here?

What "s the forecast for tomorrow? - What is the weather forecast for tomorrow? It"s windy! - Strong wind blows!

It"s raining - it is raining

Students watch and listen. Operating time is approximately 1 minute.

At the second stage, work is underway to practice pronunciation and consolidate vocabulary. The teacher or student switches the program from automatic mode to normal mode, clicks the mouse, pointing the arrow at the desired word or phrase. Students repeat after the speaker in chorus. If there are several computers in the classroom, students work

individually or in pairs using headphones and a microphone. Working time is approximately 5 - 10 minutes, it depends on the number of words of the topic being studied.

At the third stage, control of the studied vocabulary is carried out. Students choose a task containing a different number of questions

Annotation. This article examines the effectiveness of using the media in foreign language lessons. The place of using the media in teaching foreign language speech to students is determined.

Keywords: media, teaching, listening, educational process.

The media are often used in teaching. They are effective for various types of activities in foreign language lessons, including listening.

With the help of media, such as video, you can solve the problem of lack of handouts (teaching aids) and speed up the pace of the lesson, that is, the performance of students.

Additionally, when planning a lesson, keep in mind that media can be combined with other types of visuals and should only form part of a lesson, not the entire lesson. According to educational standards, elementary school students can work with the media for no more than twenty minutes, since then there is a difficult switch to the main topic of the lesson.

There is a high motivation of students to learn a foreign language when using dynamic tools that provide a variety of forms of learning from listening to audio recordings and watching videos to working with computer audio programs.

The media make the lesson more exciting, dynamic, informative and lead to better learning results.

The media are dynamic multimedia, as they allow the use of thematic images, videos, graphic material with speech and sound, directly related to the topic of the lesson.

Such means are actively included in education due to the simultaneous exposure to graphic, sound, photo and video information. They improve learning efficiency.

Most researchers, including E.I. Pasov, S.I. Petrushin, E.N. Solovova, G.V. Rogov agree that teaching listening skills is most effectively mastered in primary school, at the initial stages of learning a foreign language.

Mass media, such as video, through the use of illustrations, diagrams, tables, sound and video, facilitate the perception of the material and contribute to its better assimilation.

When teaching listening in English lessons, the following effective types of media can be distinguished: animation, computer educational games, videos, video players, multimedia galleries, audio file players, Internet applications, Internet magazines.

The media can be used to provide a variety of learning activities and increase student motivation and learning efficiency.

The media can be used in the following ways when teaching listening comprehension in English lessons:

1. use ready-made media materials (television, radio, audio programs for learning a foreign language);

2. use media-based programs developed by the teacher or students, or jointly;

3. use of media from educational sites and Internet resources.

A modern educational and methodological complex (EMC) comes with a portfolio of programs with audio and video exercises on the topic being studied, which can be used individually (each student works at a computer) and collectively (using projectors, sound devices and interactive whiteboards). But these programs, in most cases, are adapted for the educational process and differ from reality in their formality and simplicity than similar situations presented in the media.

A large selection of topics and activities, clarity, colorfulness, excitement and accessibility of tasks based on the use of media increase students' interest in learning a foreign language.

Programs using media, developed directly by the teacher, make it possible to take into account the characteristics of students and individualize learning, making it personality-oriented. Students can use the media while doing homework and for project activities - a popular, modern technique used.

To increase student motivation, many teachers use Internet resources, which make it possible to additionally “include” such an important element of learning as interest in the subject being studied. Generating interest or motivation to learn is one of the most difficult elements in the educational process.

In this case, using the popularity of the Internet among students, this can be done using fairly simple means.

It should be noted that most teachers prefer to use the Internet along with traditional teaching tools, integrating it into the educational process. Audio fairy tales, costume scenes, multimedia educational programs, educational videos presented on the Internet are widely used by modern teachers to form and develop listening skills in foreign language lessons.

The use of the media improves the quality of learning and mastery of the material, in particular, it contributes to the effective conduct of lessons - listening. These tools reduce student fatigue, make it possible to present the material clearly and make it easier to perceive and assimilate.

Researchers believe that educational material that has an emotional impact on students is better absorbed, and the knowledge that is not only learned but also experienced is stronger.

The use of media in English lessons requires special technical equipment: a computer, a projector, an interactive whiteboard. Interactive learning tools are replacing traditional learning tools. Thus, the regular whiteboard is being replaced by an interactive one, tablets and netbooks are replacing textbooks, which makes it possible to use various media for educational purposes.

The effectiveness of modern technologies has been tested by time, but learning without the use of modern technologies is less effective and impossible. The quality of teaching depends on the equipment of the classroom and their competent use in foreign language lessons.

The media are playing an increasingly important role in the life of modern people, so it is understandable that students want to watch television programs in English. The use of information materials in the classroom allows students not only to get acquainted with the most typical, common means and forms of expression of the journalistic style of speech and helps in learning to listen to authentic English speech, informs them about new events, expands knowledge about the socio-political life of the country, that is, expands cultural competence of students.

The widespread use of video technology has allowed teachers to actively use various types of media as educational material for comprehensive work on learning the English language, with the aim of developing speech and listening skills.

Exercises to consolidate audio material from various types of media (television, Internet, radio, news portals) depend on the learning objectives, the stage within which a certain level of auditing skills is formed (recognition and recognition of phonemes and sounds that are individual in their structure) and skills.

Towards the end of the initial stage of teaching a foreign language, video recordings of news or individual storylines are often used.

Having entered the educational process and become an integral component of learning, the media acquired their specific status and took a place justified by the methodology. Involving such materials in the educational process required a special methodological approach, which is based on the following principles:

1) on understanding the specific structure of the sphere of audiovisual media in the conditions of a given language environment;

2) on knowledge of the mechanisms of perception of this material;

3) on identifying the actual linguistic features involved in teaching materials.

L.V. Bankevich in her research argued that listening to speech with visual support is easier than without it, not only because the visual channel has 6.5 times greater capacity than the auditory one, but also because visual material provides establishing semantic connections between audio and visual information.

Thus, it is necessary and advisable to use the media in foreign language lessons. These tools make the lesson more interesting, active, varied, and exciting. However, it must be remembered that the means used should not overlap the main material being received or distract students from mastering the topic in the lesson.

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