Zoya Reasonable

Summary of the conversation “September 17 - Liberation Day of the Bryansk Region.” Children's creativity on the topic "Bryansk region is my favorite land"

Target: expand children's understanding of their native land, its attractions, significant historical events, famous people who glorified our region.

Educational: formation of ideas about the symbolism of the native land and city (coat of arms of Bryansk, Coat of Arms of the Bryansk region).

Educational: develop the ability to write a coherent narrative story.

Educational: to instill in children moral and patriotic feelings, a sense of pride in their small homeland; develop a caring attitude towards her.

Preliminary work: reading fiction about Bryansk, conversation "Our Motherland - Russia", "Symbols of Russia", designing an exhibition of children's drawings "Bryansk - my favorite land", examining the symbols of the city of Bryansk, photographs depicting the sights of the city.

Equipment: photographs, illustrations depicting the sights of Bryansk, coats of arms of Bryansk and the region, map of the Bryansk region, flag.

Planned results:

Children know and can tell about the main attractions of the city.

Children should have an idea of ​​the symbolism of their hometown and region.

Children have an idea about famous fellow countrymen,

who glorified their native land, are interested in the events of the past and present of their native land.

Progress of the lesson:

The teacher reads a poem.

Every city is good

Everyone is beautiful,

And the eyes of loved ones everywhere are clear.

But throughout the vast, blue-eyed Russia

For me, the best is my Bryansk near the Desna. (M. Yunitskaya)

Educator: guys, why is the city called Bryansk? (children's answers).

Educator: That's right, dense, impenetrable forests covered the Bryansk region in the distant past. The city, located in the wilds of the forest, was called Debryansk by the ancient inhabitants of the region (from the word “wilds”). Over time, the name acquired the sound of Bryansk. The city of Bryansk is more than a thousand years old.

The teacher draws the children's attention to the map of the Bryansk region.

Educator: look at this map of the Bryansk region, and Bryansk is the main city of the region in which we live.

Educator: Our city of Bryansk has its own coat of arms, anthem, and flag. Maybe someone knows what the anthem of the city of Bryansk is? ("The Bryansk Forest was making a harsh noise").

(drying out the anthem of Bryansk)

Educator: What shape does the coat of arms of Bryansk have? (children's answers)

Educator: What shape does the coat of arms of the Bryansk region have (children’s answers)

Educator: What does the mortar symbolize?

What do the rays mean?

What does the Christmas tree symbolize?

What kind of ribbons are the wreaths woven with? (Order of Lenin and medal "Partisan of the Great Patriotic War").

Educator: Bryansk is a city of partisan glory. And now we will take a short journey into the past of our city.

Educator: Why do you think the city of Bryansk was given the title - city of partisan glory? (children's answers).

The Bryansk region is known in many parts of Russia for its partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War. During these years, our fellow countrymen showed courage and heroism in the fight against the Nazis. Many of them were awarded the title of heroes. In memory of them, people erected monuments and named streets in their honor.

We are moving further and further away from the wartime era. Hitler's invasion brought unprecedented suffering, torment and hardship to our people, but from the very first days the war revealed the powerful strength of moral spirit, a deep understanding that the fate of the country, home, family is in the hands of each of us. We will always remember those who did not spare themselves to defeat the enemy.

Among many dates, there is one date,

Which is so dear to my heart.

On a September day, Soviet soldiers

We liberated our region from the enemy.

Residents of the Bryansk region annually celebrate September 17, the day of liberation of the region from the Nazi invaders.

This date evokes joy and sorrow, happiness and pain, great pride in everyone’s heart for their people, their courage and heroism.

The whole globe is underfoot,

I live, I breathe, I sing.

But in memory it is always with me

Killed in battle.

Let me not name all the names,

There is no blood relative.

Isn't that why I live

That they died... /Song from the film “Officers” /.

The day of liberation of the Bryansk region is a long-awaited, bright day of the great victory over fascism. The heroic struggle brought this day closer to 139 partisan detachments, united in 27 brigades, which numbered over 60 thousand fighters and commanders.

The occupiers ruled the Bryansk region for 780 days. These are the most terrible, bloody years in the entire history of the city. During the occupation, 80 thousand civilians were shot, burned and tortured.

The heroic feat performed by Soviet people on land occupied by the Nazis showed that our people, in any, even the most difficult conditions, always remain faithful to their homeland.

The Motherland highly appreciated the feat of the Bryansk partisans and underground fighters. Over 16 thousand of them were awarded orders and medals. And 12 of them were awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.

Every kilometer of our native land, drenched in blood and marked by military graves, reminds us of the glorious heroic deeds of our fellow countrymen. And we must bow to those whose ashes rest under the heavy slabs of monuments and mass graves.

The city of Bryansk was glorified not only during the war. In peacetime, famous people lived and still live in the city: poets, writers, artists.

Educator: There are memorable places in Bryansk that are dear to the heart of every city resident. Imagine that you are tour guides, what would you like to tell guests of Bryansk and the Bryansk region?

Children's stories based on photographs and illustrations about the sights of the city.

Educator: Well done guys, you told a very interesting story.

Who knows what this monument is called? (granite stele in honor of awarding Bryansk the title of city of military glory).

Educator: That's right, Bryansk is a city of partisan and military glory.

There were hard, dashing years,

But the city of Bryansk is facing any trouble

Did not lower the dignity of Russia,

Great honor of Russian cities.

Our native Bryansk region is developing, becoming more and more beautiful every year. .

The day of liberation of the Bryansk region is not only a day of joy, but also a day of sorrow. Out of every hundred who fought, only three survived. And every year there are fewer and fewer of them.

Summary of the lesson.

A minute of silence.

Educator: Let us bow our heads before the greatness of the Russian soldier’s feat.

With a minute of silence we will honor the memory of those who died for the liberation of their native Bryansk region, all those innocently burned, shot, and tortured by German barbarians during the occupation of Bryansk land.

Let everything freeze in this minute,

Even if time is silent,

We remember you, fathers and grandfathers,

Russia, the Motherland honors you.

Children's drawings on the topic "Bryansk region is my favorite land."

Dear colleagues, thank you for your attention and support!

Scientific and practical conference “First steps into science”

MBOU "Bryansk City Lyceum No. 2 named after. »

Occupation regime: the tragedy of the children of the Bryansk region

Subject area: history

Head: history teacher

MBOU "Bryansk City Lyceum No. 2"

1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….2

2. Main part

2.1 Beginning of the occupation. The emergence of the structure of occupation power in the Bryansk region……………………………………………………………….....4

2.2 Children and occupation……………………………………………………...4

2.2.1 Financial situation…………………………………….4

2.2.2 Medical assistance……………………………………….…...5

2.2.3 Education and the “new order”……………………….....……....6

2.2.4 Abduction of children to Germany……………………………………………………....….7

2.2.5 Labor service…………………….……...……………….7

2.2.6 Children-partisans……………………………………………......8

2.3 Relay race for children of war for children of peace…………………………………9

3. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….….10

4. List of references…………………………………………………….11

5. Appendix…………………………………………………………….....12

1. Introduction

Every year we solemnly celebrate September 17 - the Day of Liberation of the city of Bryansk from the Nazi invaders. In 2013, the 70th anniversary of the liberation of the Bryansk region was celebrated. Time moves forward according to its own laws; Much is becoming a thing of the past, but the 711 days of selfless struggle for freedom and independence, their right to live, will never fade from the memory of Bryansk residents. The feat in the name of the Fatherland, the victory of the Russian people in the Great Patriotic War are a great historical fact.
The anniversary became an occasion to once again turn to those distant and tragic days of 1941 - 1943.

The topic of war never ceases to be relevant. The other day I witnessed how a Russian guy of about 17 years old mocked a boy of a different nationality, but he was much younger than him. Isn't this where fascism begins? Have we really begun to forget what our grandfathers fought for in the war?
During World War II, civilians of various nationalities were subjected to true genocide by the Nazi occupiers, and this must be constantly remembered. For the crime, consigned to oblivion, can be repeated again.

In textbooks on the history of the Bryansk region, the topic of the Great Patriotic War is studied primarily in connection with military actions, but the occupation regime established in the territory of the region is very briefly considered. I wanted to learn in more detail about the fate of people who found themselves under occupation and, especially, about the lives of my peers.

It is no secret that some young people in Russia carelessly use slogans and expressions, sometimes without thinking about their nationalistic meaning. And, in my opinion, a serious warning to the spread of Nazi sentiments is the lack of knowledge of true information about what fascism really is and how the most vulnerable - children - suffered from it.

Target work: clarification of the situation of children of the Bryansk region during the period of fascist occupation during the Great Patriotic War.
The chronological framework of my research includes the period from October 1941 - the beginning of the occupation of the Bryansk region by German troops - and until September 1943 - the complete liberation of the Bryansk region from German troops and the liquidation of the occupation regime.

Thus, object is the situation of children in the occupied territory of the Bryansk region.
Subject of study– features of the occupation regime in the Bryansk region.

Research objectives:

1. Explore the features of the occupation regime and the lives of children in the Bryansk region in the period from 1941 to 1943.

2. Analyze available documents, memoirs and historical literature on this issue.

3. Find out what modern schoolchildren know about the occupation of Bryansk and the situation of their peers in those tragic days.

4. Based on the results of the study, formulate conclusions aimed at using historical experience in modern conditions for the purpose of anti-fascist education of youth.

The work uses memoirs, monographs, materials of scientific and practical conferences, interviews with some of the living witnesses of the occupation.

Thus, in the book by Yu. T. Trifankov “The Bryansk region during the period of occupation: The genesis of the partisan movement and collaboration” provides an analysis of the structure of occupation power in the territory of the city of Bryansk. B. Kovalev’s book “The Daily Life of the Population of Russia during the Nazi Occupation” helped me learn about the life of children during the occupation, about the ideological education of the occupiers in the spirit of the fascist regime, and eyewitness accounts. The book “Memory of War,” which contains materials from an interstate scientific and practical conference in 2005, gave me the opportunity to imagine the lives of people in the pre-war, war and post-war years. The book “Bryansk region during the Great Patriotic War. People. Events. Facts,” helped me learn about the demographic and social consequences of the Nazi occupation regime. The book "Not Kneeling" tells the story of the miserable life of children. From V. Afonin’s book “Relay Race for Children of War to Children of Peace,” I learned more about the mass deportation of residents of the Bryansk region to Germany, about what they had to go through and how they survived it.

Students of our lyceum maintain contact with participants in the Great Patriotic War. So, I met Govorova Raisa Ustinovna, who lives in the microdistrict of our lyceum. She survived the occupation of Bryansk, and after its liberation she went to serve in the army.

(see Appendix 1)

In history lessons dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, our teacher, Natalya Viktorovna, talked about the horrors of fascism, citing examples from the life of her mother, Valentina Egorovna Troshina, who found herself and her family in occupied Bryansk. (see Appendix 2)

The information I gained from conversations with these women informed my work.

2. Main part

2.1 The beginning of the occupation. The emergence of the structure of occupation power in the Bryansk region

The Second World War, which became the Great Patriotic War for the USSR, brought great misfortune to the country, including the Bryansk region.

By October 1941, the territory of the present Bryansk region was occupied by German, Hungarian, Italian and other units allied to the enemy. The occupation lasted until September 1943.

In accordance with the Ost plan, the invaders established total control over the entire territory of the region. Their goal is to intimidate the civilian population and destroy the disobedient. (see Appendices 3)

The occupation authorities saw the residents, first of all, as food producers to supply the German army, as well as cheap or free labor to meet the needs of the Reich. The economic policy of the authorities was built in accordance with this. Although collective farms were transformed into communal farms, at first the occupation authorities retained many elements of the previous collective farm leadership.
Plans for sown areas and supplies of main types of agricultural products were communicated to farms from volost administrations and were mandatory for execution. In addition, cash and numerous food taxes, as well as self-taxation payments, were imposed on each peasant household. Taxes were levied on the entire population.

From the “Information report of the headquarters of the Trubchev partisan brigade on the regime established by the fascists in the Starodubsky district on February 13, 1943.” (see Appendix 4)

Thus, the situation of the civilian population was difficult. This is confirmed in the memorandum of the Ministry of Affairs of the Occupied Eastern Regions dated 01/01/01 (see Appendix 5)

2.2 Children and occupation

Children suffered the most. I became interested in questions about how they lived and what they experienced. Therefore, I decided to turn to materials testifying to those tragic days in the lives of children. (see Appendix 6)

2.2.1 Financial situation

The food supply of civilians during the occupation was on the brink of survival. Well-known facts: disabled people received 1 kg of bread per week, working people received 200 g more, children under 14 years old received only 0.5 kg per week. Fats, meat and salt were not given to the disabled and children at all, and those who worked received 50g of fat and meat and 10g of salt per week. But even such meager standards were not stable. Thus, in February 1942, bread rations were canceled for the entire non-working population of Bryansk, except for children. And this, I repeat once again, is only 500g of bread for a week! It was almost impossible to buy food: the shops were closed, and at the bazaars the townspeople exchanged food for things. Therefore, it was necessary to run a small garden farm or engage in private entrepreneurship, which was highly encouraged by the new government.

Eyewitnesses talk about the situation of children during the occupation.

I met with Govorova Raisa Ustinovna, a participant in the Great Patriotic War, who shared her memories with me. During the occupation regime, she lived in the village of Gorodishche with two younger brothers, her mother and her blind father. At that time she was only 14 years old. (see Appendix 7)

I also talked with Troshina Valentina Egorovna, who was only 8 years old when the Nazis occupied the Bryansk region. She lived with her mother, two brothers and a sister. The oldest of the children was 14 years old. They lived in the village of Slobodka, Bryansk region, now this is the territory of the village of Putevka. (see Appendix 8)

Constant malnutrition, weakening of the body, difficult living conditions, unsanitary conditions, an acute shortage of medicines - all this led to the spread of diseases in the Bryansk region.

2.2.2 Medical assistance

The medical care situation was extremely difficult. Most paramedic stations have closed. The number of hospitals was significantly reduced, and even in the existing ones, assistance was provided in exceptional cases, and for a fee. Basically there was very little medical staff and even less medicine.

References to the fact that medical care was provided to the sick, injured and wounded are extremely rare. This is also confirmed by the story of Raisa Ustinovna Govorova: “The Germans did not provide us with medical care, we did not even know what medicine even was. Everyone helped themselves as best they could - using “grandmother’s methods.” told me that in small villages like theirs, medical posts were out of the question.

Unfortunately, I did not find statistics on the number of children who died from disease and hunger during the occupation, but according to eyewitness accounts this was certainly the case. Diseases such as typhoid, malaria, and dysentery primarily destroyed the weakest.

This situation with medicine logically followed from Adolf Hitler’s directive to the Reich Minister for Occupied Regions A. Rosenberg: “The Slavs must work for us, and if we no longer need them, let them die. Vaccinations and health protection are unnecessary for them. Slavic fertility is undesirable...”

2.2.3 Education and the “new order”

The attitude of the new regime to education can also be characterized based on the aforementioned directive of A. Hitler: “Education is dangerous. It’s enough if they can count to one hundred... Every educated person is our future enemy.”

In Bryansk itself there were two schools, but they lacked teachers and writing materials, and often children could not attend school due to lack of clothes and shoes.

According to Raisa Ustinovna Govorova, during the occupation, none of the educational institutions worked in Bryansk, and neither she nor her peers attended any schools.

Thus, there were still educational institutions in the occupied territory, but, firstly, they existed for ideological education in the spirit of the fascist regime, and secondly, not all children and their families knew about the existence of schools, and especially their visited.

2.2.4 Abduction of children to Germany

The mass abduction of children from the Bryansk region to German territory is another evidence of the criminality of the fascist regime. So, from the materials of the books, I learned that for each locality a corresponding quota was established for the “supply” of the working population. In the first year of the occupation, the Germans sought to select only the physically fittest and hardiest people between the ages of 15 and 45 for abduction to Germany, and from the end of 1942 they began to carry out the so-called “total” mobilization, when people whose age were taken into slavery was from 12 to 60 years old.
The dispatch of the Russian population in both autumn and winter was carried out in open and unheated freight cars. This led to thousands of people dying on the road. Director Mansfeld's report dated 01/01/01 states: "It is pointless to transport this labor force in open or unheated freight pastures, since the corpses will have to be unloaded upon arrival at their destination."

Let us turn to the story of Govorova Raisa Ustinovna. (see Appendix 9)

The majority of young people tried to evade this danger. However, it is known that the Nazis were able to deprive more than 150 thousand civilians of the Bryansk region into German slavery. And, unfortunately, few were able to return from there.

2.2.5 Labor conscription

All townspeople between the ages of 16 and 60 were required to perform compulsory labor service. The organization of work was carried out by the labor exchange. According to the rules, those who did not have a permanent job had to report to the street elders every morning and receive a job assignment. The working day lasted 8 hours, there were no days off, and no vacations.

Just like adults, children worked long and hard. In B. Kovalev’s monograph “Daily Life of the Population of Russia during the Nazi Occupation,” eyewitnesses recall. (see Appendix 10)

This is confirmed by the story of Govorova Raisa Ustinovna. (see Appendix 11)

I learned that the profession of “rickshaw puller” has become popular among children and teenagers. During the occupation, all non-working residents, and these were old people and children, tried as best they could to find food. The children were somewhat “better” in this regard. They converted a two-wheeled horse cart into a cart and took turns using it to transport German backpacks. For this they received a piece of ersatz bread.

Children of war did not know childhood, they could not spend time carefree, without fear of anyone or anything. From an early age they felt what hard work, hunger, poverty and fear of what awaits them tomorrow mean.

2.2.6 Children partisans

Many children could not survive under the occupation regime, so most joined the partisans. These were mostly boys aged 13-16 years. They helped distribute leaflets, act as messengers, and many were fighters in partisan detachments: scouts, machine gunners, and demolitionists.

About 250 names are named in books - memoirs written by the leaders of the partisan movement in the Bryansk region, in other books, essays, articles, in materials from archives and museums.

Dozens of them were awarded orders and medals during the war and after its end, many posthumously.

When writing my work, I read many books regarding the participation of children in the partisan movement in the occupied territories.

(see Appendix 12)

Tolya Fomichev, Vanya Telkin, Yuri Nechaev, Volodya Kaznacheev, Volodya Filatov, Misha Kuprin, Olya Korneeva and many, many others...

The stories of their heroic deeds shocked me extraordinarily. Their courage, bravery, courage amazes to the core.

I especially remember the fate of Misha Davidovich, who lived in the city of Novozybkov on Komsomolskaya Street and studied at secondary school No. 2.

(see Appendix 13)

It can be said about the Bryansk children of the wartime that they, having stepped beyond childhood, immediately became adults. Instead of school textbooks and toys, they took military weapons into their fragile hands, and the hatred for the enemy born in their young hearts overshadowed all children's hobbies.

Unfortunately, school textbooks on local history say little about child partisans. I believe that the young heroes of the Bryansk region deserve to be known by their current peers and take an example from them.

In total, over 5 thousand children were killed and tortured in the Bryansk region. 47 thousand children suffered from the terror and violence of the Nazis. Of these, 12 thousand were repressed and imprisoned by the Gestapo and death camps, 25.5 thousand were driven to Germany and 10.5 thousand were deported to the German rear.

2.3 Relay race for children of war for children of peace

The stories about how the little residents of Bryansk greeted liberation will remain in my memory for a long time. When both women, and, and talked about this, they could not hold back their tears from the flood of memories.
Both women recall that when the Soviet offensive began, the Nazis decided to use civilians as a kind of shield against the advanced units of the Red Army. They drove out the entire population and, lining up in columns, led behind the retreating troops. At that moment, no one knew what would happen next: would they survive or die? (see Appendix 14)
From the story of Raisa Ustinovna Govorova and Valentina Egorovna Troshina.

(see Appendix 15). This is how the occupation ended tragically for my heroines, then children of the war. But they had joy ahead - Victory!

Of course, children who survived the occupation will never forget the atrocities of the Nazis. However, I was faced with the problem that most schoolchildren aged 13-16 years old do not know what occupation is in general. Maybe that’s why young people treat fascist slogans and symbols with carelessness and frivolity?

I really want to believe that we, the new generation, will preserve the memory and continue the irreconcilable fight against the resurgent fascism, and also pay closer attention to those who survived the war.

There are fewer and fewer children of war, and more and more unresolved problems. I learned about these problems from the materials on the website of the public organization “Children of War”. This organization was created with the goal of restoring historical justice in relation to war children living in the Bryansk region; she is also involved in the spiritual, moral and military-patriotic education of the younger generation.

I learned about a serious problem concerning children of war, which has not been resolved for several years. In the Bryansk region, as in other regions of the Russian Federation, a law on benefits for children who survived the occupation has not yet been adopted. The website of the public organization states that today there are ten draft Federal Laws on Russian War Children in the State Duma. According to the existing legislation of the Russian Federation, in order to put a bill on Russian war children on the agenda, it is necessary to collect about one hundred thousand signatures. Children of war of the Russian Federation collected twelve million signatures, including children of war of the Bryansk region, more than 3,500 people signed.

And yet, despite such a number of signatures, when forming the agenda for the autumn session of the State Duma in 2013, the proposal to add to the agenda a bill on Russian war children was rejected for the sixth time.

So don’t these people really deserve that at least now, when they need help from the state, they would receive at least some kind of reward for their difficult childhood, scorched by the war!

Unfortunately, we, the younger generation, have ceased to be interested in this topic. The sad thing is that every year the events of that time move away from us. In addition, there are fewer and fewer children of war. And we, modern youth, should know and remember about their life, struggle, heroic deeds.
Therefore, I turned to the administration of our lyceum with a proposal to create a virtual book of memory in which all students of the lyceum could place memories of their relatives, friends or acquaintances who survived the hardships of the occupation regime.

3 Conclusion

Having studied the features of the occupation regime and the lives of children in the Bryansk region, I realized that it was children who primarily became victims of this war.

They endured inhuman suffering. They lost their relatives and friends, were left homeless, and died under bullets and shells. They were decimated by hunger and disease. The health and psyche of children has suffered irreparable damage. Many became disabled for life, never recovering from the stress and fears caused by the horrors of the bloody events.

Finding out what modern schoolchildren know about the occupation of Bryansk and the situation of their peers in those tragic days, I was faced with shocking results. Our generation sometimes does not appreciate the merits of its grandfathers and great-grandfathers, despite the propaganda work to attract young people to respect veterans and the heroic history of their native country.

It is sad that 70 years later there are still people in the world who share fascist views. Do they know the real history, what fascism is in practice? In my opinion, this is the biggest and most pressing problem of the modern world. After all, fascism is a terrorist dictatorship to create a special race of people.

The fate of children during the occupation is clear evidence that fascism, in any manifestation, should never happen again. We must fight this with all our might and prevent history from repeating itself. It is important and necessary for us to realize at what cost the Victory was achieved, to know not only in order to bow to the fortitude and courage of the defenders of the Motherland, but also in order to take from them the baton of great responsibility for the fate of their Fatherland and subsequent generations

4 Bibliography

1. Afonin V. Relay race for children of war for children of peace. – Bryansk: State Unitary Enterprise “Bryansk region. polygraph, association”, 2005. – 728 pp.: ill.

2. Bryansk region during the Great Patriotic War 1941 – 1945. People. Events. Data. Materials of the scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 68th anniversary of the liberation of the Bryansk region from the Nazi invaders / Under the general editorship of prof. , assistant professor Luneva Yu. N. – Bryansk, 2011.-194 p.

3. Dandykin feat. Military-economic and political activities of the Communist Party in the partisan regions and the zone of the center of Russia (1941 - 1943). – Tula: Priokskoye Book Publishing House, 1979.

4. History of the Bryansk region. XX century Textbook for 11th grade. – Klintsy, 2003. – 214 p.

5. Kovalev, life of the Russian population during the Nazi occupation /. – M.: Young Guard, 2011. – 619 p.: ill. – (Living History: The Daily Life of Humanity)

6. Kolosov, Bryansk during the Great Patriotic War. – Bryansk, 2007. – 25 p.

7. Not kneeling. – M.: DOSAAF, 1987. – 156 p.

8. Kukatova wars [Text]: Mater. international scientific-practical conf./Bryan. region P15 scientific univers. fuck them. . – Bryansk, 2005.-304 p.

9. For the land of Bryansk. Bryansk, 2000.

10. Trifankov of social processes in the Bryansk region during the period of occupation (years) [Text] + [Electronic resource]. – Bryansk: BSTU, 2011. – 235 p.

11. Trifankov occupation of the Bryansk region during the Great Patriotic War: Partisan movement and collaboration (1941 - 1943). [Text]+[Electronic resource]. – Bryansk: BSTU, 2012. – 385 p.

12. Shantseva during the occupation: The genesis of the partisan movement and collaboration. – Bryansk: BSTU, 2010. – 290 p.

13. Vasilenko V. Remember the children of war. – 2013 [Electronic resource]. URL: http:///?p=2005&page=3 (access date: 01/11/2014)

14. General plan Ost - Materials from Wikipedia. [Electronic resource]. URL: http://ru. wikipedia. org/wiki (access date: 03/10/2014)

15. Children during the war. – 2012 [Electronic resource].

URL: http://*****/index/deti_vo_vremja_vojny/0-7

(date of access: 01/10/2014).

5 Application

Annex 1

with the students of our lyceum

Appendix 2

tells me

about life during the occupation regime

Appendix 3

In the territories occupied by the Nazis, two Reichskommissariats were created - “Ostland” and “Ukraine”. The territory of the Bryansk region belonged to the Reichskommissariat “Ukraine”. The administration of occupied Bryansk began with an order from the city “head” Plavinsky to rename streets and squares. The streets were renamed not with German names, but with Russian ones: this is how the occupiers tried to use the national feelings of Russians.

The largest territorial unit created by the occupiers was the administrative district. Thus, the Oryol and Bryansk districts were organized. City councils were created in Orel and Bryansk.
These institutions were subordinate to local German military commandant's offices. The councils operated under the direction of the city "head", or "Oberburgomaster", who were sometimes chosen from among those who promised to faithfully serve the new order, but more often they were simply appointed by the German authorities.
The apparatus of the district administration was divided into departments, among which were such as the general department, police, financial, and the rest were considered secondary. These included departments that had the names: “Education, culture, cult”, “Healthcare, veterinary condition”, “Industry and trade”, “Agriculture”, that is, precisely those on which the lives of the civilian population in the occupied territories directly depended.

Appendix 4

“The following taxes have been introduced:
1. Military tax 6 centners of grain;
2. Hay and straw;

3. Meat per hundredweight from the yard;
4. 300 liters of milk per cow;
5. All offspring of cows must be surrendered to the German authorities;
6. 75 eggs per yard;
7. All wool from the sheep is surrendered to the Germans;
8. All hemp and flax are surrendered to the Germans.
In addition to the listed taxes, food, linen and clothing are collected for the maintenance of police camps, and livestock is also taken from the population, primarily from the families of communists, partisans, activists and Red Army soldiers.”

Appendix 5

“The Slavs must work for us. They can die because we don't need them. They should not be able to benefit from German public health care. It is enough if it is for us. As for food, they will receive only what is absolutely necessary. We are gentlemen. We come first."

Appendix 6

« Children suffered the most..."

Appendix 7

From Raisa Ustinovna’s story: “We didn’t have a radio, newspapers were hard to find. We received all the news by rumor. We knew that if they came to the house, no one would give us food, so we began to prepare bread and vegetables. The elder brother worked so that sometimes he could bring bread into the house. After 3 days, motorcycles arrived at our house. Three soldiers came in and inspected the house. After 2 days, 10 soldiers moved in with us, and we were left with only one small room with a stove. The Germans behaved disgustingly and took all our food. We had a cow, and all the milk was taken away. When mom got enough milk, the Germans drank everything right before her eyes.

With the onset of winter came cold weather. We were not at all prepared for the frost. There were no felt boots, only boots. We also didn’t have much warm clothes, but we somehow survived this winter.

In 1942, the Gestapo appeared in Bryansk. A week later the Gestapo came and drove us out onto the street, occupying our house. It’s good that there were empty houses under the hill. The Germans did not go there because they were afraid of the partisans across the Desna. There was a small garden there, and we managed to plant some vegetables, since there was no food left.

With the onset of autumn 1942, the Germans began to give us 100g of bread per person, but it was baked with sawdust. It was impossible to eat, but due to terrible hunger we ate everything.”

Appendix 8

From Valentina Egorovna’s story: “When the Germans arrived, they settled in the houses of civilians, including our house. Three soldiers lived in our house, whose duties included keeping horses. Mom had to cook food for the soldiers and feed the horses, but the Germans strictly controlled this process. And we, children, had to help the Germans: take care of the horses, clean them, which was quite difficult for me, an 8-year-old child. If a German liked his work, he could treat him to a biscuit, which was a delicacy for us, who were always hungry.

We had to learn the phrase “Sir, please let me eat” in German. The fact is that the Germans had their own kitchen and we, holding a small bowl in our hands, handed them to the German cook so that he could give us some soup. Naturally, it was impossible to buy anything, so we lived mainly from the garden and the vegetables we grew.”

Appendix 9

From the story of Raisa Ustinovna Govorova: “I, as a minor, could not yet be sent to work, but in May 1943 young people were sent to Germany. The headman went from house to house and handed out summonses. We had a wooden clinic building where you had to come for an examination. There was a German doctor and a Russian one sitting there. My mother immediately burst into tears and began inventing illnesses for me, like this and that, I can’t go anywhere. Where should I take me? I’m thin, I have no strength at all, I can’t lift weights, I wasn’t much use. So it turned out that they took the year of birth, and I was 1927, and they let me go. But from the company of my girls, three were taken away. According to their stories, they were fed poorly there and were forced to work on farms: cleaning up after livestock and tending the garden. Later they began to be treated more leniently, but in any case there was fear.”

Appendix 10

Memoirs of eyewitnesses: “The time was hard, hungry and cold. We teenagers worked as best we could: we plowed and harrowed the land, mainly with cows, because almost all the horses were “mobilized” into the Red Army or were used by the Germans for their military needs. We cut hay, grazed the cattle that were left, worked with our parents in the gardens in order to somehow feed ourselves and not die of hunger.”

Appendix 11

From the story of Raisa Ustinovna Govorova: “With the onset of winter, all the pumps froze. The Germans had nothing to water their horses, so they drove us, young people, to the river over the hill. And by the time you bring the water, it will all freeze; So we went 2-3 times, and then what was left went home. But usually there was nothing left.
Since there were no men in our village, they forced us young guys to clear the snow from the roads. We were afraid to refuse, because the Germans could hit us on the head or push us away with all their might.

With the onset of summer, we were driven into basements, where we sorted through rotten potatoes. We were not allowed to take anything, not even cleaning, but in the basements we were safer, no one bothered us, but at the airfield we had to dig holes from the bombing, and since we no longer had much strength, we could not hold out for long. It happens that you just get up to take a break, and then a German comes up: “Schnell, schnell!” and back to work."

Appendix 12

Children-partisans

Appendix 13

The story of Misha Davidovich: Before the Battle of Kursk, in order to secure the rear, the Nazis decided to blockade the Sofievsky forests, where at that time the formations of Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian partisans were based. They found themselves surrounded by fascists. The partisans were looking for a place to break through. We decided to send reconnaissance groups in several directions. Davidovich also entered one of them, led by partisan Loshakov. At this time, he was in a formation of Ukrainian partisans under the command, into which the partisans of the Novozybkovsky region joined in the summer of 1942. When sending Misha to the village of Dubrovka, the partisan command took into account that the boy had walked along this road more than once. But Loshakov’s group ran into an ambush. The commander was mortally wounded. Misha and his friend began to crawl away. And when it seemed that they had left, they again came across a group of fascists. Misha was burned. He knew that in the depths of the forest there were not only adults, but also children, and that it was imperative to warn his comrades about the impending disaster.

“You, Kolya, go away! “I’ll cover you,” he told his comrade. Nikolai managed to slip out of the ring. Covering his comrade's retreat, Misha shot all the cartridges. One grenade left. The Nazis stopped firing and began to approach the place where Misha was lying. Leaning against a birch tree, he began to rise and, barely able to stand, waited for the enemies to come even closer.

When six soldiers, led by a sergeant major, came almost close, he pulled the ring.

Of the large Davidovich family, only Mikhail’s sister survived. She keeps certificate No. 000 of the Ukrainian headquarters of the partisan movement, confirming that Mikhail Davidovich was awarded the medal “Partisan of the Patriotic War, 2nd degree” for valor and courage shown in the fight against the Nazi invaders.

Appendix 14

Residents of liberated Bryansk are returning home.

Appendix 15

From the story of Raisa Ustinovna Govorova: “My father knew German and from the conversation of the Germans he understood that they were going to be shot. At night, taking advantage of the darkness, we managed to escape and hide in a grove. Towards morning we heard voices. It turned out that these were the first Soviet soldiers.”
recalls that the Nazis drove the residents of their village along the Vygonichesky Highway. When they found themselves in a large field overgrown with bushes, the bombardment began and they fled in all directions. When everything calmed down, they suddenly saw that people dressed in military uniforms were moving in a chain on the other side. “From fear, we did not understand who it was. And suddenly they heard Russian speech: “Don’t be afraid! We are Soviet soldiers, we have come to liberate you!” With joy that all the horrors were left behind, we screamed and cried. And when we returned, we saw only one ashes on the site of our house. When leaving, the Germans burned the entire village.”

Are you planning a pregnancy, expecting the birth of a child, or have already experienced the joy of motherhood? One way or another, you decided that it’s time to find out what payments and benefits you can count on when a child is born in 2019. It’s easy to get confused here, which is not surprising, because in our state there are a number of measures to support motherhood and childhood.

In this section, dear visitors, we will try to help you understand the multitude of payments, benefits and other support measures for the birth of a child in 2019. Please note that to select all due payments and benefits, you can use the benefits selection service.

Primary attention should be paid to the following points:

• payments at the birth of a child can be one-time(paid once) and monthly (paid monthly until the child reaches a certain age), as well as support measures are provided in the form of a certificate (birth certificate, maternity capital, certificate for the purchase of housing) and benefits (for example, preferential travel or a discount on utility bills) .
• Benefits for the birth of a child at the federal level apply to all citizens, but there are also regional payments - they can be received by residents of certain constituent entities of the Russian Federation. This is the next important point.
• The number of children born and/or adopted matters!

If you are not officially employed and have not entered into a voluntary insurance agreement with the Social Insurance Fund, then maternity payments (also known as maternity benefits) and a one-time benefit when registering in the early stages of pregnancy are not entitled.

Now about payments and benefits at the birth of a child in order:

The test showed the coveted two stripes... For further possibility of receiving, you should register with the nearest antenatal clinic before 12 weeks of pregnancy.

During pregnancy, you will most likely need vitamins or medications; more about this in the article Free medications for pregnant women and children under 3 years of age.

It's time to calculate the amount of maternity benefits that you will receive when you go on maternity leave in a maternity calculator.

Only officially employed women (or individual entrepreneurs who have entered into a voluntary social insurance agreement with the Social Insurance Fund) at the onset of 30 weeks of pregnancy are entitled to receive a one-time benefit for women registered in the early stages of pregnancy.

Payments and benefits for maternity and childbirth from 30 weeks of pregnancy.

1. When you reach 30 weeks of pregnancy (28 for multiple pregnancies), the antenatal clinic will issue you with a certificate of incapacity for work, which will be required at your place of work to receive maternity benefits (maternity benefits), paid to the employee in the amount of 100% of the average earnings. Maternity benefits are assigned within ten days after submitting all necessary documents. Maternity payments calculator.
2. The amount of a one-time benefit for women registered in the early stages of pregnancy has been since February 2019 RUB 649.84(in January 2019 - 628.47 rubles). You will need a certificate from a medical institution confirming registration for up to 12 weeks. Documents should be submitted at the place where you receive maternity benefits.
3. Along with the certificate of incapacity for work, the housing complex will give you a birth certificate. Coupon No. 1 of the birth certificate will remain in the antenatal clinic, you will need coupon No. 2 in the maternity hospital, and coupon No. 3 - in the children's clinic.
4. Perhaps your constituent entity of the Russian Federation pays additional regional benefits for the birth of a child. Muscovites are paid 600 rub. for registration up to 20 weeks of pregnancy.

Payments and benefits after the birth of a child

1. One-time benefit for the birth of a child. The amount of the benefit remains in 2019 in the amount RUB 16,870.
2. A monthly allowance for child care up to 1.5 years is paid in the amount of 40% of the average income for the previous two years before the onset of pregnancy to the person actually on parental leave and caring for the child (can be mother, father, grandmother and other relatives relatives). The minimum amount of monthly care allowance from January 2019 is RUB 4,512 for the first child and RUB 6,284.65 on the second, maximum - RUB 26,152.39 MONTHLY. Monthly care allowance calculator.
3. At the birth of a second and subsequent child, mothers are subject to the issuance of a certificate for maternity capital with a nominal value of RUB 453,026 (in 2019, the amount of maternity capital remains unchanged). It can only be spent on certain purposes. In a number of regions, regional maternity capital is additionally issued.
4. Families with three or more minor children are provided with benefits and benefits as large families. And also, for the third and subsequent children born no earlier than January 1, 2013, an additional monthly benefit is paid up to 3 years.
5. Regional payments at the birth of a child. For Muscovites this is: 1) One-time payment at birth for the first child - 5,500, for the second and subsequent ones - 14,500 rubles. 2) Additional benefits for young families (Luzhkov payments). It is paid to parents under 30 years of age: for the first child - 5 subsistence minimums, for the second - 7 LM, for the third and subsequent ones - 10 LM. From the 3rd quarter of 2018, the Moscow subsistence minimum per capita is 16,260 rubles, for the working population - 18,580 rubles. 3) Happy birthday three or more children at the same time 50 thousand rubles. regardless of other benefits for the birth of children.
6. One-time and monthly

   The maximum monthly child care benefit in Russia has increased to 26.1 thousand rubles since January 1, 2019. (from previous 24.5 thousand rubles). The amount of maternity benefit for 140 days of maternity leave will be 301 thousand 95 rubles in 2019.

   As you can see, the list of payments, benefits and benefits for the birth of a child is significant and not final. We constantly strive to update it, subscribe to site news in a convenient way for you!

The new procedure for calculating child care payments will affect only those to whom they will be assigned for the first time after July 1, 2016. This is how Federal Law No. 388-FZ of December 29, 2015 was commented on, implying a new procedure for calculating benefits for mothers living in radioactive contamination zones in the Government of the Bryansk Region and the Bryansk Regional Duma. The comments came in response to inquiries from the Council of Mothers and ordinary citizens concerned about the impending changes. A Novozyb resident named Elena sent an appeal about this to Russian President Vladimir Putin, her request was sent to the region and she received a response from the Government of the Bryansk region.

The letter explains that a significant reduction in maternity benefits will not affect those to whom they have already been assigned or will be assigned before June 30, 2016. That is, will the mother of a baby from one and a half to three years old receive maternity benefits in the amount of 80 percent of her previous salary or will she have to be content with 6 thousand rubles, which will be awarded to all women from July 1, 2016, living in contaminated areas and on maternity leave? a child from one and a half to three years old, regardless of their previous income, depends on whether the woman has time to receive this payment in the first half of this year.

Social activists carried out calculations and presented a table for everyone to see, clearly showing the difference between how maternity benefits are calculated now and how they will be calculated after the relevant law comes into force.

Until July 01, 2016	After July 01, 2016
Minimum allowance for 1 child
RUR 2,718.34 * 2 = 5436.68 up to 3 years	2 718,34+ 3000 = 5718.34 up to 1.5 years 6000 rubles
Minimum allowance for 2 children
5 436,67 * 2 =10873.36 up to 3 years	5 436,67 + 3000= 8436,67 up to 1.5 years at the age of one and a half to three years - in the amount 6000 rubles
For a working woman, the average salary is 10,000 rubles
10000 *40% * 2 = 8000 up to 3 years	4000 + 3000 = 7000 up to 1.5 years at the age of one and a half to three years - in the amount 6000 rubles
For a working woman, the average salary is 15,000 rubles
15000 *40% * 2 = 12000 up to 3 years	6000 + 3000 = 9000 up to 1.5 years at the age of one and a half to three years - in the amount 6000 rubles
For a working woman, the average salary is 20,000 rubles
20000 *40% * 2 = 16000 up to 3 years	8000 + 3000 = 11000 up to 1.5 years at the age of one and a half to three years - in the amount 6000 rubles
For a working woman, the average salary is 25,000 rubles
25000 *40% * 2 =20000 up to 3 years	10000 + 3000 = 13000 up to 1.5 years at the age of one and a half to three years - in the amount 6000 rubles

There is, however, a possibility that a moratorium will be imposed on this Law, which will delay its entry into force by six months. With such an initiative, emphasizing that the adoption of the Law “caused some social tension in the regions.” It was proposed to conduct monitoring and, if necessary, prepare proposals to postpone the introduction of fixed payments from July 1, 2016 to January 1, 2017. So far this initiative has not found support.

However, the very idea of ​​Law No. 388-FZ of December 29. 2015, young mothers living in contaminated areas

On the website of public initiatives, anyone can vote “for” or “against” the initiative put forward by social activists to increase the minimum amount of child care benefits until they reach the age of 3 years and maintain a double amount of preferential child care benefits in the Chernobyl zone. In order for this proposal to be considered at the federal level, it must receive 100,000 votes. So far, just under two and a half thousand people have voted for him. 69 people spoke against it.

In addition, parents are additionally provided with only maternity capital.

Below is a list of payments:

How are maternity benefits calculated for a second child?

The program will last until the end of 2022. Until this time, adult parents of two or more children have the right to count on mortgage benefits: a reduction in the rate to 6%.

The state undertakes to cover additional expenses for banks. Subsidizing will be provided for 3 years from the date of purchase of real estate.

Terms of assistance:

• the second child must be born during the program period;
• compensation applies only to the primary housing market (properties that have already been commissioned or are just under construction);
• the family is obliged to contribute at least 20% of the cost of the apartment (it is possible to attract maternity capital);
• housing cannot cost more than 8 million rubles (for residents of both capitals) and 3 million rubles (for all other regions);
• New property will be required to be insured;
• the family receiving the benefit is obliged to pay the mortgage without delay.

If a family took out a mortgage before January 1, 18, and a second child was born during the program period, the parents of the newborn have the right to apply for recalculation and become participants in the program. However, you can count on refinancing only if there are no delays.

From 2018, families who decide to have a child will be able to manage maternity capital more successfully and in a timely manner. The possibility of monthly receipts, combined with the most comfortable mortgage rates, will help solve the housing problem for hundreds of thousands of Russians.

In other aspects, the situation has changed little: although many of the required benefits have been indexed, only residents of certain regions will be able to feel a significant difference.